Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota

Last updated
Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota
Mni Sota Makoce The Land of the Dakota book cover.jpg
Author
Cover artistQuilt by Gwen Westerman; photo by Bill Jolitz; cover design by Percolator
Subject
Publisher Minnesota Historical Society Press
Publication date
September 1, 2012 [1]
Publication placeUnited States
Media typeprint
Pages296 [1]
Awards
[1]
ISBN 978-0-87351-869-7 paper
OCLC 793221826
Website shop.mnhs.org/products/mni-sota-makoce
Read Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota online

Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota is a non-fiction book on Dakota history in Minnesota which focuses on the Dakota connection to location and language. The book is written by Dakota historian and professor Gwen Westerman (Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate) and Bruce M. White, with a foreword by Glenn Wasicuna (Sioux Valley Dakota Nation). It was published in 2012 by Minnesota Historical Society Press.

Contents

Overview

Mni Sota Makoce covers Dakota history in Minnesota from pre-contact to the modern era. The authors present this history from a Dakota point of view, explicitly against the "dominan[t] non-Dakota master story about the Dakota people". [2] It is notable for its approach to interpreting Dakota oral history, primary sources, and previously published history materials in combination. Westerman and White outline their method in the introduction and "Chapter Two: Reading Between the Lines of the Historical Record." Dakota language is represented with a widely accepted modern Dakota orthography developed by Waḣpetonwiŋ (Carolynn Schommer), from the University of Minnesota. [3] [4] This book analyzes and translates back into English the Dakota-language version of the 1851 Treaty of Traverse des Sioux for the first time, highlighting discrepancies between what the Dakota and treaty negotiators thought they were agreeing with. [5]

Chapters are comprised largely of narrative-style history gleaned from source analysis interspersed with sidebars (sometimes authored by individual contributors) which provide further context on a specific source. In "Chapter One: Homelands," a sidebar entitled "Otókahe / The Beginning" attributed to Erin Griffin summarizes an anthropological analysis of where the Dakota people originated geographically, followed by additional sidebars throughout the chapter such as "Not One Creation Story, But Many," "Bdote Mni Sota / Mouth of the Minnesota River," and "Oc̣eti Ṡaḳowiŋ / The Seven Fires of the Dakota." [6]

The Dakota War of 1862 is only alluded to and isn't covered. Mni Sota Makoce focuses on Dakota history outside the war, including events that led to the war, and the aftermath for Dakota people. [7]

The book is illustrated primarily with period artwork such as from Seth Eastman and George Catlin, with a sixteen page color insert halfway through the book with larger reproductions of works depicting detailed scenes of Dakota lifeways and historical figures such as Iṡtaḣba (Sleepy Eye) and C̣etaŋ Wakuwa Mani (Little Crow). [8] [9]

The final chapter "Chapter Five: Reclaiming Minnesota–Mni Sota Makoce" details the Dakota aftermath to the 1851 treaties with the U.S. government and the war of 1862, which culminated in Dakota exiled from the territory. Over time, some Dakota have returned to Minnesota, and many modern Dakota aim to reclaim and protect historic villages and sacred sites. Sites in Bdote such as Coldwater Spring and Wakaŋ Tipi (now part of Indian Mounds Regional Park) are emphasized for their especially sacred significance to Dakota people. [10]

Background

Mni Sota Makoce rose out of a grant-funded initiative to further develop understanding of Dakota history, particularly concepts of Dakota land tenure. Funding was provided by the Indian Land Tenure Foundation and the Minnesota Historical Society. Gwen Westerman and Bruce White were co-chairs, with historian and TRCDC representative Syd Beane (Flandreau Santee Sioux) directing. The results of their study were published as Mni Sota Makoce for the 150th anniversary of the U.S.–Dakota War of 1862. [11]

Two Rivers Community Development Corporation (TRCDC), formed in 2007 by Dakota searching for ways to re-involve Dakota in their historic lands, convened the Dakota Land Research Project in conjunction with the Indian Land Tenure Foundation, which funded archival and oral history research from 2008 to 2009. Native American Community Development Corporation (NACDI) served as TRCDC's fiscal sponsor. Beane was appointed project director, Westerman led oral interviews, and White led archival research. A large amount of contributors were involved including TRCDC representative Sheldon Wolfchild, anthropologist Erin Griffin (Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate, Westerman's daughter), doctoral student in American Studies Kate Beane (Flandreau Santee Sioux), historian Thomas Shaw, Mitchell Hamline School of Law Emeritus Professor of Law Howard Vogel, and Dakota cultural and language advisor Glenn Wasicuna (Westerman's husband). Writing and producing the book was funded by the Minnesota Arts and Cultural Heritage Fund via the Minnesota Historical Society, which resulted in the published volume in 2012. The Mni Sota Makoce draft was completed in June 2011. Two years were spent on research and two years on writing the book. In total, the project took five years from research in 2008 to publishing in 2012. [12] [13] [14] [15]

Publication was planned for 2012 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the U.S.–Dakota War to offer a Dakota perspective on the causes and effects of the war, and make available Dakota history outside the war. Dakota were anticipating increased coverage for the anniversary, primarily from non-Dakota perspectives. Westerman said there was a need for Dakota history to be told from a Dakota perspective, where Dakota sources were treated as authoritative. Previously most literature was from white perspectives which treated Dakota knowledge with suspicion. [12] [15] Reviewer Gregory O. Gagnon (Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians), professor of Indian Law at Loyola University New Orleans who has published Dakota histories, said that prior to the publication of Mni Sota Makoce "the best" books on Dakota history were History of the Santee Sioux by Roy Willard Meyer and Kinsmen of Another Kind by Gary Clayton Anderson, each published or revised in 1986 and 1984 respectively, and neither written by a Dakota person. In the Introduction to Mni Sota Makoce, Westerman and White explain: "The answer to many of the problems presented by Dakota history as it has been written in the past is to try to achieve a more complete account, one that gives full appreciation to the Dakota oral tradition but also makes an effort to read between the lines of written records to search for Dakota points of view and Dakota meanings." Unlike previous Dakota history books, Westerman and White interpret a number of sources in combination, including what the authors call "nonverbal sources" such as archeological sites like burial mounds and petroglyphs. The book uses multiple disciplines including geography, anthropology, history, law, and literature. Kate Beane later praised cowriter White and contributor Vogel for their work with and prior to Mni Sota Makoce that is "community centered" and "compassionate": "The lack of a personal agenda in their work is made obvious in that they share their findings with communities and work with Dakota people as collaborators and allies, providing an understanding of the need for a work ethic rooted in social justice when writing about those who have been historically oppressed." She contrasts it with previous Dakota histories which perpetuate stereotypes and settler-exclusive perspectives, criticizing Kinsmen and Walt Bachman’s Northern Slave Black Dakota: The Life and Time of Joseph Godfrey specifically. Kinsmen author Anderson does not believe Dakota were subject to genocide, but allows the label ethnic cleansing, which is contrary to dominant Dakota thought and genocide studies analysis. [note 1] Anderson later told Westerman during an event commemorating the war's 150th anniversary that he does not consider oral history in his practice, which is the vehicle for most Dakota-perspective history. Meyer's preface in History of the Santee Sioux similarly explains "I have made no attempt to 'correct' the received [written record] version of events in the nineteenth century by recourse to oral traditions as expressed by present-day Indians." [11] [14] [24] [25] [26] In a later study for Albany Government Law Review , Westerman writes of this dismissive view of oral history: "How is it that Dakota accounts and histories of the events leading to the war in 1862 are disregarded or discredited, or worse, put into competition with settler narratives as if there can be only one 'true' history? Often, the response is because they are not written down." [27]

Historian Bruce M. White was chosen by the TRCDC in 2007 for his "widely published and respected" writing on Ojibwe history in Minnesota and treaty analysis. White's mother was a historian, and he grew up locally and abroad surrounded by historians, including those who worked with the Minnesota Historical Society. Growing up abroad, White said, taught him to be a respectful guest while living on the land of Minnesota's Native people. White had previously collaborated with the Mendota Mdewakanton Dakota Tribal Community to protect the sacred area surrounding their community known as Bdóte (explained in Mni Sota Makoce) and served as expert testimony on the hunting and fishing treaty rights of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe in a case that succeeded in the Supreme Court of the United States. His scholarship and critique are acknowledged in North Country: The Making of Minnesota by author Mary Lethert Wingerd, a book published in 2010 resulting from a similar project to reexamine the popular narrative of Minnesota history. White is director of Turnstone Historical Research and received an Award of Merit from AASLH for his 2007 book We Are at Home: Pictures of the Ojibwe People published by the Minnesota Historical Society Press. Mni Sota Makoce was his second AASLH award. He married Ann Regan in 1984, who became editor-in-chief at MNHS Press. White's forthcoming book "They Would Not Be Moved" covers the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe's fight for the US to honor their treaty rights. [28] [29] [12] [30] [31] [32]

Gwen Westerman, director of English and humanities at Mankato State University, is also a poet, artist, and widely published author. She was chosen by TRCDC founding board member Floyd Westerman (Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate, her uncle), to serve as the Dakota perspective in partnership with White. Her art quilt is part of the cover design of Mni Sota Makoce. Westerman was inspired by author Heid E. Erdrich, author and musician Gordon Henry, painter Jim Denomie, scholar Amy Lonetree, Dakota culture holder and teacher Phyllis Joyce Redday-Roberts, and astrophysicist Neil Degrasse Tyson. Tyson especially inspires how Westerman relates Dakota star knowledge. [12] [29] [15]

Reception

Publishers Weekly profiled the book as "nuanced" and the research behind it as "intensive." [33] CHOICE reviewed it as "excellent history" which is "highly recommended." [34]

Star Tribune called it a "delicious hodgepodge of oral histories and written records" that represents a "breakthrough resource." [35] Columnist for the Hibbing Daily Tribune Aaron Brown "heartily recommends" the book, particularly for its coverage of Dakota lifeways pre-contact. [36] Chisago County Press explained the book as an insight on local history. [37] WCCO News writer Robin Johnson included the book in a list of the best books about Minnesota because it "brilliantly intertwines generations of voices across cultures and geo-political landscapes." [38] Calling it an "excellent introduction to a Dakota perspective on the history of the state of Minnesota," Insight News recommended the book for the City of Minneapolis's "Year of the Dakota." [39] John Weiss of the Rochester Post Bulletin praises the book for providing the context missing from many U.S.–Dakota War narratives that makes "the conflict [make] much more sense." [40]

Writing for The American Experiment and Star Tribune, conservative columnist Katherine Kersten condemned the book and characterized it as "misleading and politically driven 'stories.'" [41] [42] A later letter to the editor criticized Kersten's "black-and-white" perspective which dismisses how biases against Native people have shaped historical records. [43]

Honoring Dakota, a project to unite the people of Prairie Island Indian Community and nearby Red Wing, Minnesota, recommends the book. [44]

Academic

In American Indian Culture and Research Journal, Loyola University New Orleans professor Gregory O. Gagnon calls the book an "excellently presented synthesis of quite a bit of scholarship," which represents a "model for tribal studies," and recommends it for both researchers and general readers. [11] Independent researcher Barbara W. Sommer in The Oral History Review praises the book's comparison of oral histories to primary documents and previously published history. [45] Minitex, a Minnesota state library organization, notes the book's popularity in the organization's services and recommends it for all readers from "middle schoolers to research scholars." [46] In an article for Middle West Review, James T. Spartz notes a lack of information about Southeast Minnesota, which is frequently absent from narratives about the state. [47]

Mni Sota Makoce was included in Dictionary of Midwestern Literature Volume Two: Dimensions of the Midwestern Literary Imagination, which documents significant texts related to the Midwestern United States. [48]

Awards

Editions

Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community awarded a grant in 2024 to the Minnesota Historical Society Press to produce a young adult edition of Mni Sota Makoce for use in schools. [53]

Mni Sota Makoce is available in ebook format ( ISBN   978-0-87351-883-3). [1] The book is also part of Minnesota State Services for the Blind accessibility-enhanced audiobook catalogue. [54]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Whether ethnic cleansing or genocide apply to Dakota experiences is debated. Prominent white historian of Dakota history Gary Clayton Anderson argues that Dakota people were not subjected to genocide, but were rather ethnically cleansed. In the 2014 book Ethnic Cleansing and the Indian: The Crime That Should Haunt America , Anderson argues that genocide is defined by the Holocaust, thus precluding Dakota who did not face the same conditions, and that since some Dakota still survive, the scale of death did not constitute "mass killings" equal to those seen in the Holocaust. [16] Previously in 2012 Anderson made similar assertions on the basis of the 1998 Rome Statute, an interpretation that Westerman disputes in an article for Albany Government Law Review. [17] Dakota scholars such as Waziyatawin characterize Dakota experiences as both genocide and ethnic cleansing. [18] Minnesota Historical Society includes the perspective that what happened is genocide in its materials, but stops short of endorsing it. [19] [20] Similarly, the University of Minnesota Holocaust and Genocide Studies program offers their own resources about Dakota history, some which use the term genocide, but do not endorse a position themselves. [21] Reviewing Anderson's Ethnic Cleansing, Margaret Jacobs argues that neither ethnic cleansing nor genocide are accurate, and rather the term settler colonialism should be used. [22] For a review of Ethnic Cleansing in the journal Settler Colonial Studies, Carol P. Kakel III endorses both genocide and ethnic cleansing, noting that ethnic cleansing is a facet of genocide, while suggesting that examining such concepts within the framework of settler colonialism will offer more clarity when relating Indigenous history. [23] (See also Native American genocide in the United States.)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sioux</span> Native American and First Nations ethnic groups

The Sioux or Oceti Sakowin are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations people from the Great Plains of North America. The Sioux have two major linguistic divisions: the Dakota and Lakota peoples. Collectively, they are the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ, or "Seven Council Fires". The term "Sioux", an exonym from a French transcription of the Ojibwe term Nadowessi, can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nation's many language dialects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue Earth County, Minnesota</span> County in Minnesota, United States

Blue Earth County is a county in the State of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 69,112. Its county seat is Mankato. The county is named for the Blue Earth River and for the deposits of blue-green clay once evident along the banks of the Blue Earth River. Blue Earth County is part of the Mankato-North Mankato metropolitan area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bde Maka Ska</span> Lake in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Bde Maka Ska is the largest lake in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, and part of the city's Chain of Lakes. Surrounded by city park land and circled by bike and walking trails, it is popular for many outdoor activities. The lake has an area of 401 acres (1.62 km2) and a maximum depth of 87 feet (27 m).

The Dakota language, also referred to as Dakhóta, is a Siouan language spoken by the Dakota people of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ, commonly known in English as the Sioux. Dakota is closely related to and mutually intelligible with the Lakota language. It is definitely endangered, with only around 290 fluent speakers left out of an ethnic population of almost 250,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Big Mound</span> Battle of the American Civil War

The Battle of Big Mound was a United States Army victory in July 1863 over the Santee Sioux Indians allied with some Yankton, Yanktonai and Teton Sioux in Dakota Territory.

The Mdewakanton or Mdewakantonwan are one of the sub-tribes of the Isanti (Santee) Dakota (Sioux). Their historic home is Mille Lacs Lake in central Minnesota. Together with the Wahpekute, they form the so-called Upper Council of the Dakota or Santee Sioux. Today their descendants are members of federally recognized tribes in Minnesota, South Dakota and Nebraska of the United States, and First Nations in Manitoba, Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Whitestone Hill</span> Battle of the American Civil War

The Battle of Whitestone Hill was a battle of the Sioux Wars in 1863 in the Dakota Territory as punishment against the Sioux in the aftermath of the Dakota War of 1862. From September 3-5, 1863, Brigadier General Alfred Sully led U.S. Army troops against a village of Yanktonai, Santee, and Teton (Lakota) Sioux. The reported casualties vary, but U.S. Army troops killed somewhere between 150 and 300 Sioux and captured between 150 and 250 Sioux, including women and children, and they suffered approximately 22 killed and 38 wounded.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Treaty of Traverse des Sioux</span> Upper Dakota land cession treaty of 1851 with United States

The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux was signed on July 23, 1851, at Traverse des Sioux in Minnesota Territory between the United States government and the Upper Dakota Sioux bands. In this land cession treaty, the Sisseton and Wahpeton Dakota bands sold 21 million acres of land in present-day Iowa, Minnesota and South Dakota to the U.S. for $1,665,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dakota War of 1862</span> Armed conflict between the United States and four bands of the eastern Dakota

The Dakota War of 1862, also known as the Sioux Uprising, the Dakota Uprising, the Sioux Outbreak of 1862, the Dakota Conflict, or Little Crow's War, was an armed conflict between the United States and several eastern bands of Dakota collectively known as the Santee Sioux. It began on August 18, 1862, when the Dakota, who were facing starvation and displacement, attacked white settlements at the Lower Sioux Agency along the Minnesota River valley in southwest Minnesota. The war lasted for five weeks and resulted in the deaths of hundreds of settlers and the displacement of thousands more. In the aftermath, the Dakota people were exiled from their homelands, forcibly sent to reservations in the Dakotas and Nebraska, and the State of Minnesota confiscated and sold all their remaining land in the state. The war also ended with the largest mass execution in United States history with the hanging of 38 Dakota men.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dakota people</span> Native American people in the mid northern U.S. and mid southern Canada

The Dakota are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government in North America. They compose two of the three main subcultures of the Sioux people, and are typically divided into the Eastern Dakota and the Western Dakota.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate</span> Native American tribal organization in South Dakota and North Dakota

The Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse Reservation, formerly Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe/Dakota Nation, is a federally recognized tribe comprising two bands and two subdivisions of the Isanti or Santee Dakota people. They are on the Lake Traverse Reservation in northeast South Dakota.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wabasha III</span> Head chief of Santee Sioux

Wabasha III (Wapahaśa) was a prominent Dakota Sioux chief, also known as Joseph Wabasha. He succeeded his father as head chief of the Mdewakanton Dakota in 1836. Following the Dakota War of 1862 and the forced removal of the Dakota to Crow Creek Reservation, Wabasha became known as head chief of the Santee Sioux. In the final years of his life, Chief Wabasha helped his people rebuild their lives at the Santee Reservation in Nebraska.

The Niobrara Reservation is a former Indian Reservation in northeast Nebraska. It originally comprised lands for both the Santee Sioux and the Ponca, both Siouan-speaking tribes, near the mouth of the Niobrara River at its confluence with the Missouri River. In the late nineteenth century the United States government built a boarding school at the reservation for the Native American children in the region. By 1908 after allotment of plots to individual households of the tribes under the Dawes Act, 1,130.7 acres (4.576 km2) were reserved for an agency, school and mission for a distinct Santee Sioux Reservation; the neighboring Ponca Reservation had only 160 acres (0.65 km2) reserved for agency and school buildings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seal of Minnesota</span>

The Great Seal of the State of Minnesota is the state seal of the U.S. state of Minnesota. It was adopted on May 11, 2024, alongside the state flag, for Statehood Day. It features a common loon, Minnesota's state bird, wild rice, the state grain, and the North Star, representing the state's motto, and is themed around Minnesota's nature. In the inner circle is the phrase Mni Sóta Makoce the Dakota term for "Land where the water reflects the sky," which is the origin of the state's name.

Gwen Nell Westerman is an educator, writer and fiber artist.

Cloud Man was a Dakota chief. The child of French and Mdewakanton parents, he founded the agricultural community Ḣeyate Otuŋwe on the shores of Bde Maka Ska in 1829 after being trapped in a snowstorm for three days. The village was seen by white settlers as a progressive step towards assimilation, yet members of the community maintained a distinctly Dakota way of life. The community was abandoned in 1839 and Cloud Man's band moved along the Minnesota River to join the Hazelwood Republic.

The Bde Maka Ska Public Art Project is part of the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board's Bde Maka Ska–Harriet Master Plan. In parallel with the restoring the name of Lake Calhoun to its Dakota name, Bde Maka Ska, a public art project was initiated to commemorate Ḣeyata Oṭuŋwe, a 19th-century Dakota agricultural community on the southeast bank of Bde Maka Ska, and its founder, Dakota leader Maḣpiya Wic̣aṡṭa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mendota Mdewakanton Dakota Tribal Community</span> Dakota community centered in Mendota, Minnesota


Mendota Mdewakanton Dakota Tribal Community is a Dakota community centered in Mendota, Minnesota. The Mendota Mdewakanton Dakota Tribal Community (MMDTC) is an organization that works to continue Dakota cultural practices and tribal organization. Officially formed in 1997, the MMDTC has sought to be a federally recognized tribe by the US Bureau of Indian Affairs, as well as offering community activities such as pow wows, Dakota language and culture classes, and partnership with the Minnesota Historical Society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bdóte</span> Location in Minnesota considered the center of the universe in Dakota tradition

Bdóte is a significant Dakota sacred landscape where the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers meet, encompassing Pike Island, Fort Snelling, Coldwater Spring, Indian Mounds Park, and surrounding areas in present-day Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. In Dakota geographic memory, it is a single contiguous area not delineated by any contemporary areas' borders. According to Dakota oral tradition, it is the site of creation; the interconnectedness between the rivers, earth, and sky are important to the Dakota worldview and the site maintains its significance to the Dakota people.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Mni Sota Makoce". Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2023-12-09. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  2. ↑ Westerman & White 2012, p. 8.
  3. ↑ Westerman & White 2012, p. 3–11.
  4. ↑ Westerman & White 2012, p. 31–79.
  5. ↑ Westerman, Gwen N.; Wasicuna, Glenn (2021). "Across Space and Time: Letters from the Dakota People, 1838–1878". In Spero, Patrick; Shelton, Abigail; Link, Adrianna (eds.). Indigenous Languages and the Promise of Archives. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 285–304. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1k03s31. ISBN   978-1-4962-2520-7. JSTOR   j.ctv1k03s31. Project MUSE   book 85115.
  6. ↑ Westerman & White 2012, p. 13–29.
  7. ↑ Keller, Bob Keller (April 22, 2013). "Dakota spoken here: Mni Sota's Dakota Indian heritage topic of Minnesota Book Award winner". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  8. ↑ Westerman & White 2012, p. 120–121.
  9. ↑ Westerman & White 2012, p. 273.
  10. ↑ Westerman & White 2012, p. 197–223.
  11. 1 2 3 Gagnon, Gregory (March 2014). "Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota. By Gwen Westerman and Bruce White". American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 38 (2).
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Gwen Westerman Interview". KOJB 90.1 FM The Eagle. June 3, 2013. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved June 7, 2024. (temporary URL)
  13. ↑ Swanson, Teresa; Beane, Sydney; Beane, William (Spring 2018). "Charles and Elaine Eastman: Their Years in St. Paul, 1893–1898". Ramsey County History. Vol. 53, no. 1. p. 7.
  14. 1 2 Westerman & White 2012, pp. 9–10.
  15. 1 2 3 "Gwen Westerman on her new book, "Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota"". AMPERS . February 19, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  16. ↑ Anderson 2014, p. 4Genocide will never become a widely accepted characterization for what happened in North America, because large numbers of Indians survived and because policies of mass murder on a scale similar to events in central Europe, Cambodia, or Rwanda were never implemented.
  17. ↑ Westerman 2017, p. 312Historian Gary Clayton Anderson stated in 2012 that he was using the definition of 'genocide' as put forward by the Rome statute of the International Criminal Court, and therefore what happened in Minnesota was NOT genocide. There was no genocide in North America, he asserted. The Rome Statute was approved in July 1998—a twentieth-century declaration that would not have affected Governor Ramsey’s or President Lincoln’s actions.
  18. ↑ Waziyatawin, Ph.D. (2008). What Does Justice Look Like?: The Struggle for Liberation in Dakota Homeland . Saint Paul, Minnesota: Living Justice Press. ISBN   9780972188654.
  19. ↑ "Survival & Resilience". The U.S.–Dakota War of 1862. September 7, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
  20. ↑ Cook-Lynn, Elizabeth (Fall 2009). "Review of What Does Justice Look Like? The Struggle for Liberation in Dakota Homeland". Wíčazo Ša Review . 24 (2). University of Minnesota Press: 190–193. doi:10.1353/wic.0.0044. ISSN   1533-7901.
  21. ↑ "US-Dakota War of 1862". College of Liberal Arts. August 17, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
  22. ↑ Jacobs, Margaret D. (2016). "Genocide or Ethnic Cleansing? Are These Our Only Choices?". Western Historical Quarterly. 47 (4): 444–448. doi:10.1093/whq/whw104. ISSN   0043-3810.
  23. ↑ Kakel, Carroll P. (January 2, 2016). "Ethnic cleansing and the Indian: the crime that should haunt America; Native America and the question of genocide". Settler Colonial Studies. 6 (1): 99–105. doi:10.1080/2201473X.2015.1015929. ISSN   2201-473X.
  24. ↑ Beane, Katherine E. (November 2014). Woyakapi Kin Ahdipi 'Bringing the Story Home': A History Within the Wakpa Ipaksan Dakota Oyate (Thesis). p. 15. hdl:11299/185201.
  25. ↑ Lybeck, Rick (2020). "Regional Genocide Denial and Contradictory White Selves". Critical Social Justice Education and the Assault on Truth in White Public Pedagogy. pp. 115–142. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62486-6_5. ISBN   978-3-030-62485-9.
  26. ↑ Meyer, Roy W (1993) [1967]. History of the Santee Sioux: United States Indian Policy on Trial. Bison Book (Revised ed.). University of Nebraska Press. p. ix. ISBN   0-8032-8203-6. History of the Santee Sioux: United States Indian Policy on Trial at Google Books
  27. ↑ Westerman 2017, p. 310.
  28. ↑ "Turnstone Historical Research" . Retrieved June 14, 2024.
  29. 1 2 Westerman & White 2012, pp. 225–234.
  30. ↑ Kugel, Rebecca (September 2001). "Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice, and Game in Abundance: Testimony on Behalf of Mille Lacs Ojibwe Hunting and Fishing Rights. Compiled by James M. McClurken, with Charles E. Cleland, Thomas Lund, John D. Nichols, Helen Tanner, and Bruce White". American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 25 (4): 119–122.
  31. ↑ Wingerd, Mary Lethert (2010). North Country: The Making of Minnesota. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. p. 363. ISBN   978-0-8166-4868-9.
  32. ↑ Grossmann, Mary Ann (September 1, 2024). "Readers and writers: Outside the spotlight, editor brought to life hundreds of stories". Yahoo Life. Pioneer Press . Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  33. ↑ "Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota". Publishers Weekly . December 17, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  34. ↑ Westerman & White 2012, p. [ page needed ].
  35. ↑ Brown, Curt (20 October 2012). "NONFICTION: "Mni Sota Makoce, The Land of the Dakota," by Gwen Westerman and Bruce White" . Star Tribune. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  36. ↑ Brown, Aaron (June 2, 2013). "Minnesota's true past becomes clearer in 'Land of the Dakota'". Minnesota Brown. Archived from the original on June 5, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  37. ↑ "Explaining the 'less neat and tidy side of history'". Chisago County Press. February 1, 2013. Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  38. ↑ Johnson, Robin (November 19, 2012). "Best Books About Minnesota". CBS Minnesota . Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  39. ↑ "A Dakota perspective on Minnesota history". Insight News. December 20, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  40. ↑ Weiss, John (January 28, 2013). "'The Land of the Dakota' explores enduring relationship". Rochester Post Bulletin. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
  41. ↑ Kersten, Katherine (October 25, 2021). "Weaponizing history". American Experiment . Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  42. ↑ Kersten, Katherine (June 24, 2021). "Counterpoint: Small group of activists commandeers Minnesota Historical Society" . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  43. ↑ "Mail bag". American Experiment. January 8, 2022. Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  44. ↑ Guida, Emily (March 24, 2023). "Recommended Reading: Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota by Gwen Westerman & Bruce White". Honoring Dakota. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  45. ↑ Sommer, Barbara W. (July 2013). "Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota". The Oral History Review. 40 (2): 462–464. doi:10.1093/ohr/oht041.
  46. ↑ "Ebooks MN Highlight: Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota". Minitex . September 14, 2023. Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  47. ↑ Spartz, James T. (Fall 2023). "Place Writing in the Root River Valley". Middle West Review . 10 (1): 17–31. doi:10.1353/mwr.2023.a912179. ISSN   2372-5672. Project MUSE   912179 . Retrieved September 9, 2024.
  48. ↑ Greasley, Philip A., ed. (2016). "Native American Literature". Dictionary of Midwestern Literature, Volume 2: Dimensions of the Midwestern Literary Imagination. Indiana University Press. p. 559. ISBN   978-0-253-02116-8. JSTOR   j.ctt1zxz124. Project MUSE   49193.
  49. 1 2 "Minnesota Book Awards Winners & Finalists". September 4, 2017. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  50. ↑ "2014 HOGNANDER AWARD: GWEN WESTERMAN AND BRUCE WHITE". March 6, 2014. Archived from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  51. ↑ Combs, Marianne (April 5, 2014). "Minnesota Book Awards: and the winners are…". MPR News . Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  52. ↑ "AASLH Salt Lake Awards Banquet" (PDF). American Association for State and Local History . September 20, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 5, 2024. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
  53. ↑ "Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community announces $2.3 million in grants, two new publications to support teaching of Native American content". Red Lake Nation News . January 30, 2024. Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  54. ↑ "K-12 American Indian Education and Language Revitalization Working Booklist". State Services for the Blind. Minnesota State Department of Employment and Economic Development. Retrieved August 17, 2024. Westerman, Gwen & White, Bruce. Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota. High School. Accessible audio.

Citations

Read online

Further reading

Video

Audio

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.