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In the United States education system, social studies is the integrated study of multiple fields of social science and the humanities, including history, geography, and political science. The term was first coined by American educators around the turn of the twentieth century as a catch-all for these subjects, as well as others which did not fit into the traditional models of lower education in the United States, such as philosophy and psychology. One of the purposes of social studies, particularly at the level of higher education, is to integrate several disciplines, with their unique methodologies and special focuses of concentration, into a coherent field of subject areas that communicate with each other by sharing different academic "tools" and perspectives for deeper analysis of social problems and issues. The social studies aims to train students for informed, responsible participation in a diverse democratic society. The content of social studies provides the necessary background knowledge in order to develop values and reasoned opinions, and the objective of the field is civic competence.
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The Secondary School Mathematics Curriculum Improvement Study (SSMCIS) was the name of an American mathematics education program that stood for both the name of a curriculum and the name of the project that was responsible for developing curriculum materials. It is considered part of the second round of initiatives in the "New Math" movement of the 1960s. The program was led by Howard F. Fehr, a professor at Columbia University Teachers College.
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Science education in England is generally regulated at all levels for assessments that are England's, from 'primary' to 'tertiary' (university). Below university level, science education is the responsibility of three bodies: the Department for Education, Ofqual and the QAA, but at university level, science education is regulated by various professional bodies, and the Bologna Process via the QAA. The QAA also regulates science education for some qualifications that are not university degrees via various qualification boards, but not content for GCSEs, and GCE AS and A levels. Ofqual on the other hand regulates science education for GCSEs and AS/A levels, as well as all other qualifications, except those covered by the QAA, also via qualification boards. The Department for Education prescribes the content for science education for GCSEs and AS/A levels, which is implemented by the qualification boards, who are then regulated by Ofqual. The Department for Education also regulates science education for students aged 16 years and under. The department's policies on science education are implemented by local government authorities on all state schools in England. The content of the nationally organised science curriculum for England is published in the National Curriculum, which covers key stage 1 (KS1), key stage 2 (KS2), key stage 3 (KS3) and key stage 4 (KS4). The four key stages can be grouped a number of ways; how they are grouped significantly affects the way the science curriculum is delivered. In state schools, the four key stages are grouped into KS1–2 and KS3–4; KS1–2 covers primary education while KS3–4 covers secondary education. But in independent or public schools, the key stage grouping is more variable, and rather than using the terms ‘primary’ and 'secondary’, the terms ‘prep’ and ‘senior’ are used instead. Science is a compulsory subject in the National Curriculum of England, Wales and Northern Ireland; state schools have to follow the National Curriculum while independent schools need not follow it. That said, science is compulsory in the Common Entrance Examination for entry into senior schools, so it does feature prominently in the curricula of independent schools. Beyond the National Curriculum and Common Entrance Examination, science is voluntary, but the government of the United Kingdom provides incentives for students to continue studying science subjects. Science is regarded as vital to the economic growth of the United Kingdom (UK). For students aged 16 years and over, there is no compulsory nationally organised science curriculum for all state/publicly funded education providers in England to follow, and individual providers can set their own content, although they often get their science courses accredited or made satisfactory. Universities do not need such approval, but there is a reason for them to seek accreditation regardless. Moreover, UK universities have obligations to the Bologna Process to ensure high standards. Science education in England has undergone significant changes over the centuries; facing challenges over that period, and still facing challenges to this day.
References
- 1 2 3 "Strategically important subjects: STEM funded projects". Higher Education Funding Council for England. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 "More Mathematics Graduates". Institute of Mathematics and its Applications. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SUB-COMMITTEE 1 Higher Education in STEM subjects (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) Oral and written evidence (PDF). House of Lords. 2011. pp. 116, 360.
- ↑ "Strategically important subjects". Higher Education Funding Council for England. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- 1 2 "More Mathematics Graduates". Institute of Mathematics and its Applications. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ "London Mathematical Society: More Math Grads project". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ "More Maths Grads Project – the HE Curriculum theme". MSOR Connections. 9 (1): 34. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- 1 2 3 "Where will maths take you?". Institute of Mathematics and its Applications. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ "Posters and Resources from Maths in a Box". Maths Careers. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ↑ "National HE STEM maths strand". Institute of Mathematics and its Applications. Retrieved 8 August 2021.