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An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label such as 192.0.2.1 that is assigned to a device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. IP addresses serve two main functions: network interface identification, and location addressing.
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP). It is one of the core protocols of standards-based internetworking methods in the Internet and other packet-switched networks. IPv4 was the first version deployed for production on SATNET in 1982 and on the ARPANET in January 1983. It is still used to route most Internet traffic today, even with the ongoing deployment of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), its successor.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion, and was intended to replace IPv4. In December 1998, IPv6 became a Draft Standard for the IETF, which subsequently ratified it as an Internet Standard on 14 July 2017.
A MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for use as a network address in communications within a network segment. This use is common in most IEEE 802 networking technologies, including Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. Within the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) network model, MAC addresses are used in the medium access control protocol sublayer of the data link layer. As typically represented, MAC addresses are recognizable as six groups of two hexadecimal digits, separated by hyphens, colons, or without a separator.
Classless Inter-Domain Routing is a method for allocating IP addresses for IP routing. The Internet Engineering Task Force introduced CIDR in 1993 to replace the previous classful network addressing architecture on the Internet. Its goal was to slow the growth of routing tables on routers across the Internet, and to help slow the rapid exhaustion of IPv4 addresses.
A subnetwork or subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP network. The practice of dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting.
A classful network is an obsolete network addressing architecture used in the Internet from 1981 until the introduction of Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) in 1993. The method divides the IP address space for Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) into five address classes based on the leading four address bits. Classes A, B, and C provide unicast addresses for networks of three different network sizes. Class D is for multicast networking and the class E address range is reserved for future or experimental purposes.
The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is a communications protocol used by hosts and adjacent routers on IPv4 networks to establish multicast group memberships. IGMP is an integral part of IP multicast and allows the network to direct multicast transmissions only to hosts that have requested them.
A broadcast address is a network address used to transmit to all devices connected to a multiple-access communications network. A message sent to a broadcast address may be received by all network-attached hosts.
In Internet networking, a private network is a computer network that uses a private address space of IP addresses. These addresses are commonly used for local area networks (LANs) in residential, office, and enterprise environments. Both the IPv4 and the IPv6 specifications define private IP address ranges.
The Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP), or simply Neighbor Discovery (ND), is a protocol of the Internet protocol suite used with Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). It operates at the internet layer of the Internet model, and is responsible for gathering various information required for network communication, including the configuration of local connections and the domain name servers and gateways.
In computer networking, the multicast DNS (mDNS) protocol resolves hostnames to IP addresses within small networks that do not include a local name server. It is a zero-configuration service, using essentially the same programming interfaces, packet formats and operating semantics as unicast Domain Name System (DNS). It was designed to work as either a stand-alone protocol or compatibly with standard DNS servers. It uses IP multicast User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets and is implemented by the Apple Bonjour and open-source Avahi software packages, included in most Linux distributions. Although the Windows 10 implementation was limited to discovering networked printers, subsequent releases resolved hostnames as well. mDNS can work in conjunction with DNS Service Discovery (DNS-SD), a companion zero-configuration networking technique specified separately in RFC 6763.
IP multicast is a method of sending Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams to a group of interested receivers in a single transmission. It is the IP-specific form of multicast and is used for streaming media and other network applications. It uses specially reserved multicast address blocks in IPv4 and IPv6.
In the Internet addressing architecture, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) have reserved various Internet Protocol (IP) addresses for special purposes.
Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) is the implementation of the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). ICMPv6 is an integral part of IPv6 and performs error reporting and diagnostic functions.
In computer networking, a link-local address is a unicast network address that is valid only for communications within the subnetwork that the host is connected to. Link-local addresses are most often assigned automatically with a process known as stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) or link-local address autoconfiguration, also known as automatic private IP addressing (APIPA) or auto-IP.
A unique local address (ULA) is an Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) address in the address range fc00::/7. These addresses are non-globally reachable. For this reason, ULAs are somewhat analogous to IPv4 private network addressing, but with significant differences. Unique local addresses may be used freely, without centralized registration, inside a single site or organization or spanning a limited number of sites or organizations.
An Internet Protocol Version 6 address is a numeric label that is used to identify and locate a network interface of a computer or a network node participating in a computer network using IPv6. IP addresses are included in the packet header to indicate the source and the destination of each packet. The IP address of the destination is used to make decisions about routing IP packets to other networks.
A solicited-node multicast address is an IPv6 multicast address used by the Neighbor Discovery Protocol to determine the link layer address associated with a given IPv6 address, which is also used to check if an address is already being used by the local-link or not, through a process called DAD. The solicited-node multicast addresses are generated from the host's IPv6 unicast or anycast address, and each interface must have a solicited-node multicast address associated with it.
Multicast routing is one of the routing protocols in IP networking.
References
- ↑ MULTICAST_IP_ADDR. General Electric Digital Solutions. CIMPLICITY 10.0.
In network prefix or Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR) notation, IP multicast addresses are summarized as 224.0.0.0/4.
- 1 2 3 IP Multicast Routing Configuration Guide, Cisco , retrieved 2021-01-13
- ↑ AD-HOC Block 1
- 1 2 3 IANA Guidelines for IPv4 Multicast Address Assignments. sec. 3. doi: 10.17487/RFC5771 . RFC 5771.
- 1 2 3 4 "IANA IP multicast addresses assignments". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.
- ↑ AD-HOC Block 2
- ↑ Fall, K.R. and Stevens, W.R. (2011). TCP/IP Illustrated. Vol. 1. Addison-Wesley. p. 55. ISBN 9780321336316.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ AD-HOC Block 3
- ↑ RFC 5771 Section 6.
- ↑ Joseph, Vinod; Mugulu, Srinivas (2011). Deploying Next Generation Multicast-Enabled Applications - Label Switched Multicast for MPLS, VPN, VPLS, and Wholesale Ethernet. Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-12-384923-6.
Lacking anything better to call it, one of the authors [of RFC2770], David Meyer, simply began refer to this as "GLOP" addressing and the name stuck.
- ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) File for Multicasting". Multicast Tech. Archived from the original on 2011-05-16.
- ↑ "Guidelines for Enterprise IP Multicast Address Allocation" (PDF). Cisco. p. 7. Retrieved 2023-01-14.
most Layer 2 switches flood all multicast traffic that falls within the MAC address range of 0x0100.5E00.00xx [...] to all ports on the switch even if IGMP Snooping is enabled. [...] There are several multicast group ranges besides the 224.0.0.0/24 that will map to the 0x0100.5E00.00xx MAC address range and hence also will be flooded by most Layer 2 switches.
- ↑ RFC 3376 Section 4.2.14
- ↑ RFC 4380 item 2.17
- ↑ Silvia Hagen (May 2006). IPv6 Essentials (Second ed.). O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-10058-2.
- ↑ RFC 3956
- ↑ RFC 3306
- ↑ R. Hinden; S. Deering (February 2006). IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture. Network Working Group. doi: 10.17487/RFC4291 . RFC 4291.Draft Standard. Obsoletes RFC 3513. Updated by RFC 5952, 6052, 7136, 7346, 7371 and 8064.
- ↑ RFC 2365 section 8.
- 1 2 R. Droms (August 2014). IPv6 Multicast Address Scopes. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi: 10.17487/RFC7346 . ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7346.Proposed Standard. Updates RFC 4007 and 4291.
- ↑ "IPv6 Multicast Address Space Registry". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.
- ↑ RFC 5110
- ↑ RFC 2710
- ↑ R. Vida; L. Costa, eds. (June 2004). Multicast Listener Discovery Version 2 (MLDv2) for IPv6. Network Working Group. doi: 10.17487/RFC3810 . RFC 3810.Proposed Standard. Updates RFC 2710. Updated by RFC 4604.
- 1 2 T. Mrugalski; M. Siodelski; B. Volz; A. Yourtchenko; M. Richardson; S. Jiang; T. Lemon; T. Winters (November 2018). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6). IETF. doi: 10.17487/RFC8415 . ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 8415.Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 3315, 3633, 3736, 4242, 7083, 7283 and 7550.
- ↑ B. Aboba; D. Thaler; L. Esibov (January 2007). Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR). Network Working Group. doi: 10.17487/RFC4795 . RFC 4795.Informational.
- ↑ IEEE. "Standard Group MAC Address: A Tutorial Guide" (PDF). IEEE Standards Association. pp. 2–3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- ↑ Patton, Michael A. et. al.. "Multicast (including Broadcast) Addresses". cavebear.com. Karl Auerbach.
{{cite web}}: External link in|author= - ↑ "Standard Group MAC Address - Public Listing". IEEE-SA. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- ↑ "IANA Multicast 48-bit MAC Addresses". IANA. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
- ↑ RFC 7042 2.1.1
- ↑ RFC 7042 2.3.1