Munchkin

Last updated

The Munchkins
Oz books character
Munchkins.png
W. W. Denslow's depiction of Munchkins, from first edition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
First appearance The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
Created by L. Frank Baum

A Munchkin is a native of the fictional Munchkin Country in the Oz books by American author L. Frank Baum. They first appear in the classic children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) where they welcome Dorothy Gale to their city in Oz. The Munchkins are described as being the same height as Dorothy and they wear only shades of blue clothing, as blue is the Munchkins' favorite color. Blue is also the predominating color that officially represents the eastern quadrant in the Land of Oz. The Munchkins have appeared in various media, including the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz , as well as in various other films and comedy acts.

Contents

Concept

While Baum may have written about it, there are no surviving notes for the composition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The lack of this information has resulted in speculation of the term origins he used in the book, which include the word Munchkin. [1] Baum researcher Brian Attebery has hypothesized that there might be a connection to the Münchner Kindl , the emblem of the Bavarian city of Munich (spelled München in German). [1] The symbol was originally a 13th-century statue of a monk, looking down from the town hall in Munich. Over the years, the image was reproduced many times, for instance as a figure on beer steins, and eventually evolved into a child wearing a pointed hood. [2] Baum's family had German origins, suggesting that Baum could have seen one such reproduction in his childhood. It is also possible that Munchkin came from the German word Männchen, which means "mannikin" or "little figure". In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in attracting customers. [3] Another possibility is a connection to Baron Munchausen .[ original research? ][ citation needed ] This fictional character is based on a real baron who told outrageous tall tales based on his military career. [1] [4] Like the other Oz terms, the word Munchkin ends in a diminutive which in this case refers to the size of the natives. [1]

Literature

Oz Books by Frank Baum

"she noticed coming down toward her a group of the queerest people she had ever seen. They were not as big as the grown folk she had always been used to; but neither were they very small. In fact, they seemed about as tall as Dorothy, who was a well-grown child for her age, although they were, so far as looks go, many years older."

L. Frank Baum

The Munchkins are first mentioned (quote shown) in an excerpt from chapter two of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, titled "The Council with the Munchkins". Dorothy initially meets only three of them, along with the Good Witch of the North. The rest of the Munchkins then come out of hiding and are shown to be grateful towards Dorothy for killing their evil ruler the Wicked Witch of the East. Dorothy later eventually finds the yellow brick road and along the way attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq. Sometime in the book a background story is also given about a "Munchkin maiden" (named Nimmie Amee in later books), who was the former love interest of the Tin Woodman. [5]

Baum also included the Munchkin characters in his later works as minor and major individual characters. The Munchkin Jinjur is the main antagonist in Baum's second book The Marvelous Land of Oz, where she seeks to overthrow the Scarecrow and take over the Emerald City. Jinjur makes a brief appearance in the next book, entitled Ozma of Oz, and is brought back in Baum's twelfth book, The Tin Woodman of Oz . By this time, she is shown to be a more prominent character who is helpful and friendly to Dorothy and her friends. Two other major Munchkin characters also appear in The Tin Woodman of Oz: Tommy Kwikstep and Nimmie Amee. The former appears in the story asking for a wish for running an errand for a witch; the latter is the name given to the mystery "Munchkin maiden" from the first book, who was the former lover of the Tin Woodman. More information is revealed that tells about the Tin Woodman's origin and their tragic love story. [5] Lastly, the Munchkin Unc Nunkie appears in Baum's seventh book, The Patchwork Girl of Oz , where he is accidentally turned to stone. His Munchkin nephew Ojo successfully goes on a quest in search of an antidote while learning more about himself in the process.

Subsequent Oz books

L. Frank Baum died on 6 May 1919 after which other writers took up writing additional Oz stories. In some cases these books were written under Baum's name and included the Munchkins. There is at least one known Munchkin character that was created after Baum's death that appears as a major character. Zif is a Munchkin boy who appears in John R. Neill's first adaptation called The Royal Book of Oz. Zif is a student at the College of Art and Athletic Perfection; he is both respectful and resentful towards his teacher Wogglebog who considers Zif a "nobody or a nothing". The Munchkin characters that Baum had created in his lifetime also appear in these additional works.

Film and musicals

Early works (1902–1933)

While the 1939 film is the most well known adaptation (see section below), it was not the first outside work to show the Munchkins in film or musical format. One of the first musical adaptations of Baum's books took place in 1902; it was also dubbed The Wizard of Oz . [6] [7] The Munchkins make their appearance in act one, called "The Storm", in which they are shown dancing around their maypole, not noticing that Dorothy's house has fallen to earth killing the Wicked Witch of the East. [8] The first film adaptation of Baum's works, titled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, was released in 1910, followed by three sequels. However, it was not until 1914 that Munchkin characters first appeared in film works. Ojo the Lucky and Unc Nunkie both appear in a film titled The Patchwork Girl of Oz (based on the book of the same name). This film stars American actress Violet MacMillan as Ojo and was produced by Baum. [9]

1939 film

The Munchkins (specifically the "Lollipop Guild") as depicted in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. L-R: Jackie Gerlich, Jerry Maren, and Harry Doll. Munchkins-film.jpg
The Munchkins (specifically the "Lollipop Guild") as depicted in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz . L–R: Jackie Gerlich, Jerry Maren, and Harry Doll.

The 1939 movie musical The Wizard of Oz was loosely based on Baum's novel. Notable differences of the Munchkins include their country name of Munchkinland and their clothes of many colors instead of an all-blue attire. In the musical, the Munchkins are portrayed by the thirty-odd members of the Singer Midgets, a European performing troupe made up of adult actors with dwarfism. Their numbers were swelled when a national talent search brought in a further ninety-four little men, women, and teenagers, with a few average-sized children were also included as background extras [10] in order to make up the 124 characters requested by MGM. [11]

In the musical, the Munchkins first appear when Dorothy and Toto arrive in the Land of Oz after her house lands on the Wicked Witch of the East. The Munchkins hide from all the commotion until Glinda the Good Witch arrives reassuring them that everything is okay. Dorothy tells them how she arrived in the Land of Oz (through a musical number) and the Munchkins celebrate. To make it official, a Barrister and a number of City Fathers insist to the Mayor of the Munchkin City that they must make sure that the Wicked Witch of the East is really dead before the celebration continues. The Coroner confirms this by saying that the witch is "not only merely dead" but is indeed "most sincerely dead" while showing a Certificate of Death. The Munchkins then celebrate further as Dorothy receives gifts from the "Lullaby League" and the "Lollipop Guild". Near the end of the song, the Wicked Witch of the West arrives, which causes the Munchkins to panic. After the Wicked Witch of the West leaves, Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City as the Munchkins guide her out of Munchkinland.

The Munchkin actors have since not avoided controversy with alleged behavior behind the scenes. In a 1967 interview, Judy Garland referred to all of the Munchkins as "little drunks" who got intoxicated every night to the point where they had to be picked up in "butterfly nets". These accusations were denied as fabrications by fellow Munchkin Margaret Pellegrini, who said only "a couple of kids from Germany even drank beer". [12] On 20 November 2007, the Munchkins were given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Seven of the surviving Munchkin actors from the film were present. As a result of the popularity of the 1939 film, the word "munchkin" has entered the English language as a reference to small children, persons with dwarfism, or anything of diminutive stature.

Actors and actresses

The following is a list of actors who portrayed the Munchkins in the 1939 film. Most of the dwarfs hired were acquired for MGM by Leo Singer, the proprietor of Singer's Midgets. [13] A Daily Variety news story from 17 August 1938, stated 124 dwarves had been signed to play Munchkins; modern sources place the number either at 122 or 124. An additional dozen or so child actors were hired to make up for the shortage of dwarves. [10] At least one Munchkin actor, Dale Paullin (stage name Paul Dale), did not make the final cut for the movie. [14] Only two actors (Joseph Koziel and Frank Cucksey) used their actual voices for the dialogue exchanged with Dorothy where she is given the flowers. The rest of the voices, such as the "Munchkin chorus", were created by Pinto Colvig and Billy Bletcher [15] with their voices recorded at a slow speed, which were subsequently sped-up when played back. [16]

In 1989, author Stephen Cox researched, found, and wrote about the surviving Munchkin actors fifty years after they made the film. He wrote about them in his book, The Munchkins Remember (1989, E.P. Dutton), which was later revised as The Munchkins of Oz (Cumberland House), and his book remained in print for nearly two decades. When he wrote the book, 33 of the actors with dwarfism who appeared in the film were still alive and were interviewed. Several of them outlived all the major cast, as well as the original Tin Man Buddy Ebsen. Jerry Maren, who played the green "Lollipop Guild" member, was the last living adult Munchkin actor. Maren was the only Munchkin alive when the film's longest living cast member, Shep Houghton, an extra, died in 2016.

Notes: Some of the information presented in the table below may never be complete as Social Security records remain sparse prior to the mid-twentieth century. Stage names and/or aliases are present in italics and quotation marks.


ActorBornDiedPart(s) playedSource
Gladys W. AllisonUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
John Ballas1903Un­knownPlayed a villager [18] [19]
Franz Balluch ("Mike")Un­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [17]
Josefine BalluchUn­known1984Played a villager [20] [21] [22]
John T. Bambury18911960Played a soldier [18] [23] [24]
Charlie Becker 18871968Played "The Mayor of Munchkinland" [23] [25]
Freda Betsky1916 [lower-alpha 1] Un­knownPlayed a villager [17] [26]
Henry Boers1896Un­knownPlayed a villager [27]
Theodore Boers18941945Played a villager [27] [28]
Christie Buresh19071979Played a villager [29]
Eddie Buresh19091982Played a villager [29]
Lida Buresh19061970Played a villager [18] [29]
Mickey Carroll 19192009Played a fiddler, a town crier, and a soldier [30]
Casper "Colonel" BalsamUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [18]
Nona A. Cooper18751953Played a villager [17] [31]
Thomas J. Cottonaro19142001Played a villager [17] [32]
Elizabeth CoulterUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [18]
Lewis Croft 19192008Played a soldier [33]
Frank Cucksey 19191984Played a villager who gives Dorothy flowers [lower-alpha 2] [34] [35]
Billy Curtis 19091988Played the Braggart [lower-alpha 3] [36]
Eugene S. David Jr.Un­knownUn­knownPlayed a fiddler [37]
Eulie H. David19211972Played a soldier [37] [38]
Ethel W. Denis18941968Played a villager [18] [39] [40]
Prince Denis 19001984Played the Sergeant-at-Arms [lower-alpha 4] [41] [39]
Hazel I. Derthick19061989Played a villager [42]
Daisy Earles 19071980Played a "munchkin maiden" [43]
Gracie Doll Earles 18991970Played a "munchkin maiden" [43]
Harry Doll Earles 19021985Blue member of The Lollipop Guild [43] [44]
Tiny Doll Earles 19142004Played a "munchkin maiden" [43]
Major Doyle ("James D. Doyle")18691940Played a villager [18] [45]
Ruth Robinson Duccini 19182014Played a villager [46]
Carl M. Erickson19171958Played the 2nd Trumpeter [18] [47]
Fern Formica19251995Played a villager and a "sleepyhead" [48]
Addie Eva FrankUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [18]
Thaisa L. Gardner19091968Played a villager [18]
Jakob "Jackie" Gerlich Disputed [lower-alpha 5] 1960Red member of The Lollipop Guild [49]
William A. Giblin19161985Played a soldier [50]
Jack S. Glicken19001950Played a city father [51]
Carolyn E. Granger19151973Played a villager [18] [52]
Joseph HerbstUn­known1989 [lower-alpha 6] Played a soldier [18] [53]
Jakob Hofbauer1898Un­known [lower-alpha 7] Played a soldier [54]
Clarence C. Howerton ("Major Mite")19131975Played the 3rd Trumpeter [55] [56]
Helen M. Hoy18981945Played a villager [18] [57]
Marguerite A. HoyUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [18]
James R. Hulse IV19151964Played a villager [18] [41] [58]
Robert Kanter ("Little Lord Robert")1886 [lower-alpha 8] Un­knownPlayed a soldier [17] [59]
Charles E. KelleyUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a soldier [17]
Jessie E. Kelley ("Jessie Becker")Un­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [18]
Frank KikelUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [18]
Bernard Klima ("Harry")18971957Played a villager [34] [60]
Mitzi Koestner18941975Played a villager [18] [61]
Emma Koestner19001984Played a villager [10] [18] [61]
Willi Koestner19081974Played a soldier [18] [61] [62]
Adam Edwin Kozicki ("Eddie Adams")Un­knownUn­knownPlayed a fiddler [18] [63]
Joseph J. Koziel19191967Played a villager who gives Dorothy flowers [lower-alpha 2] [18] [64] [65]
Dolly F. Kramer19041995Played a villager [18] [27]
Emil Kranzler19101993Played a villager [18] [66] [67]
Nita Krebs19051991Member of The Lullaby League and a villager [34] [68]
Jeane LaBarbera ("Little Jean")19091993Played a villager [69]
Hilda Lange19111975Played a villager [18] [67]
John Leal ("Johnny")19051996Played a villager [18] [70]
Ann Rice Leslie19001973Played a villager [18] [71]
Charles Ludwig18891941Played a villager [18] [72] [73]
Dominick Magro19091959Played a villager [74] [75]
Carlos Manzo19141955Played a villager [18] [76]
Howard Marco1884 [lower-alpha 9] Un­knownPlayed a villager [18] [77]
Jerry Maren 19202018Green member of The Lollipop Guild [78] [79]
Bela Matina ("Mike Rogers")19021954Played a villager [17] [80] [81]
Lajos Matina ("Leo")19011975Played a villager [17] [82] [83]
Matyus Matina ("Ike Rogers")19021965Played a villager [17] [82] [80] [84]
Walter M. B. Miller19061987Played a soldier and a flying monkey [18] [20]
George Ministeri19131986Played the coachman and a villager [18] [85]
Harry Monty 19041999Played a villager and a flying monkey [86]
Yvonne Bistany Moray1917Un­known [lower-alpha 10] Member of The Lullaby League and a villager [17] [20]
Johnny Maroldo ("Johnny Winters")19051985Played the Commander of the Navy [88]
Marie Bernadet Maroldo ("Marie Winters")19011979Played a villager [88]
Olga C. Nardone 19212010Member of The Lullaby League, a sleepyhead, and a villager [89]
Nels P. Nelson19181994Played a villager [18] [90] [91] [lower-alpha 11]
Margaret C. Nickloy ("Princess Marguerite")19021961Played a villager [10] [92]
Franklin H. O'Baugh19221963Played a soldier [93] [94]
William H. O'Docharty19201988Played the coach footman and a villager [18] [85]
Hildred C. OlsonUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [18]
Frank PackardUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [18]
Nicholas Page ("Nicky")19041978Played a soldier and a city father [10] [20]
Leona Megest Parks ("Duchess Leona")1897Un­knownPlayed a villager [27]
Margaret Williams Pellegrini 19232013Played a "sleepyhead" and the "flower pot munchkin" [48] [95]
Johnny PizoUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [18]
Leon Polinsky ("Prince Leon")19181955Played a villager [18] [96] [97]
Lillian Porter19171997Played a villager [98] [99]
Meinhardt Raabe 19152010Played the coroner [lower-alpha 12] [100]
Margaret Raia 1928 [lower-alpha 13] 2003Played a villager [102]
Matthew RaiaUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a city father [102]
Friedrich Retter ("Freddie")1899Un­knownPlayed a fiddler and villager [18] [103]
Billy Rhodes ("Little Billy") 18951967Played the barrister [104] [105]
Gertrude H. RiceUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [18]
Hazel RiceUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [18]
Sandor Roka18961954Played a villager [18] [106] [107]
Jimmie Rosen18921973Played a villager [108]
Charles F. "Wojnarski" Royal19001947Played a soldier [18] [109]
Helen J. "Wojnarski" Royal18971958Played a villager [18] [109]
Stella A. "Wojnarski" Royal19031959Played a villager [109]
Albert RuddingerUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [18]
Elsie R. Schultz18921987Played a villager [18] [20]
Charles Silvern19021976Played a villager [18] [110]
Garland Slatton ("Earl")19171995Played a soldier [27]
Karl Slover 19182011Played the lead trumpeter, a soldier, a "sleepyhead", and a villager [111] [112]
Ruth E. SmithUn­known1985Played a villager [14] [18]
Elmer Spangler1910Un­knownPlayed a villager [18] [113]
Pernell St. Aubin19221987Played a soldier [34] [114]
Carl StephanUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [18]
Alta M. Stevens19131989Played a villager [18] [115]
George SuchsieUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [18]
Charlotte V. SullivanUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [18]
Clarence Swensen 19172009Played a soldier [116]
Betty Tanner19161994Played a villager [117] [118]
Arnold Vierling19191949Played a villager [119]
Gus Wayne19201998Played a soldier [120]
Victor Wetter19021990Played the Captain of the Army [10] [121]
Grace G. WilliamsUn­knownUn­knownPlayed a villager [18]
Harvey B. Williams19051968Played a soldier [18] [122]
Gladys V. Wolff19111984Played a villager [41] [18]
Murray Wood19081999Played a city father [18] [123]

Child actresses

About a dozen children of average height were hired so they could be used for background fill. Sources differ on the number of children used for these roles ranging anywhere from 10 to 12. [124] The names used for the women are maiden names with known aliases present in italics and quotation marks.

As of 2023, at least three "child munchkins" are known to be living.

ActorBornDiedPart(s) playedSource
Betty Ann Cain ("Bruno") 19312023Munchkin hatchling [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] [130]
Priscilla Ann Montgomery Clark1929LivingMunchkin Child [126] [127] [131]
Donna Jean Johnson ("Stewart Hardaway")19332008Background fill [132] [133]
Joan Kenmore19312022Background fill [125] [126] [127] [124] [134]
Eva Lee Kuney 19342015Background fill [17] [135] [136]
Rae-Nell Laskey ("Alsbury")19301991unknown [137] [138]
Elaine Mirk ("Merk")1930LivingBackground fill [124] [127] [139]
Valerie Lee Shepard [lower-alpha 14] 1931LivingBackground fill [10] [124] [127] [140]
Ardith Dondanville ("Mae") Todd19302022Background fill [125] [126] [127] [141]
Shirley Ann Kennedy ("Vegors")19322005Background fill [142] [143]
Viola White ("Banks")19312000Background fill [10]

Later works (1940–1989)

The 1939 film was adapted into a musical that was released in 1942 that includes the Munchkin characters. The events that take place mirror the film including the song "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead". [144] Twenty-seven years later an animated film called The Wonderful Land of Oz was made featuring Jinjur as a main antagonist.

Other works

Explanatory notes

  1. This year is based on the St. Louis Post-Dispatch's date (see aource). Freda Betsky (33 at the time) was born no later than 1916.
  2. 1 2 Frank Cucksey, and Joseph Koziel were the only two munchkins whose real voices were used. Their dialogue is as follows: "We thank you very sweetly, for doing it so neatly" (Joseph), "You've killed her so completely, that we thank you very sweetly" (Frank). [16]
  3. The "Braggart" can be heard saying: "and ohhhh what happened then was rich".
  4. It was falsely reported in 1984 that Prince Denis played the role of the Munchkin Mayor. [20]
  5. There are two claims to the birth year of Jakob. One is by his brother David Fox who claims that "Jackie" was born in 1925. The other possible year given is 1917, which Fox claims was the birth year of an older brother. [49] In either case, there are no existing social security records to prove either one accurate.
  6. According to Stephen Cox, Herbst was born in Birkfeld Austria on April 19, 1908 and died on July 6, 1993 in Joliet, Illinois. [38] However this contradicts claims made by Joseph Herbst's cousin who claimed he died in 1989 and was in his "late 80s" in 1988. [53]
  7. According to Stephen Cox it is unknown what became of Jakob Hofbauer; he is rumored to have died in the late 1950s. [54]
  8. There is a source that mentions Robert Kanter aka "Little Lord Robert" signing a postcard in 1908 when he was 22 years old. This means he was born in 1886 at the latest. [59]
  9. Howard Marco is listed at 58 years old on 9 May 1942. As such, Marco was either born in 1883 or 1884.
  10. Yvonne's friends stated that she died in the 1970s (according to Stephen Cox). [87]
  11. Nels was interviewed in the 1993 documentary "We're off to see the munchkins". [91]
  12. Raabe certifies the death of the Wicked Witch of the East .
  13. During production, MGM officials discovered that Raia was underage (child actresses were hired for background fill). She was subsequently expelled from the set halfway through filming. [101]
  14. Also known as "Lois Valerie Shepard". [140]

Related Research Articles

<i>The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</i> 1900 childrens novel by L. Frank Baum

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a 1900 children's novel written by author L. Frank Baum and illustrated by W. W. Denslow. It is the first novel in the Oz series of books. A Kansas farm girl named Dorothy ends up in the magical Land of Oz after she and her pet dog Toto are swept away from their home by a cyclone. Upon her arrival in the magical world of Oz, she learns she cannot return home until she has destroyed the Wicked Witch of the West.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dorothy Gale</span> Fictional protagonist in Oz novels

Dorothy Gale is a fictional character created by the American author L. Frank Baum as the protagonist in many of his Oz novels. She first appears in Baum's classic 1900 children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and reappears in most of its sequels. She is also the main character in various adaptations, notably the 1939 film adaptation of the novel, The Wizard of Oz.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glinda</span> The Wonderful Wizard of Oz character

Glinda is a fictional character created by L. Frank Baum for his Oz novels. She first appears in Baum's 1900 children's classic The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, and is the most powerful sorceress in the Land of Oz, ruler of the Quadling Country South of the Emerald City, and protector of Princess Ozma.

<i>The Wizard of Oz</i> 1939 film based on the book by L. Frank Baum

The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). An adaptation of L. Frank Baum's 1900 children's fantasy novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, it was primarily directed by Victor Fleming, who left production to take over the troubled Gone with the Wind. It stars Judy Garland, Frank Morgan, Ray Bolger, Bert Lahr, Jack Haley, Billie Burke and Margaret Hamilton. Noel Langley, Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay, while others made uncredited contributions. The music was composed by Harold Arlen and adapted by Herbert Stothart, with lyrics by Edgar "Yip" Harburg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Land of Oz</span> Fantasy land created by L. Frank Baum

The Land of Oz is a magical country introduced in the 1900 children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz written by L. Frank Baum and illustrated by W. W. Denslow.

The Wicked Witch of the West is a fictional character who appears in the classic children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900), created by American author L. Frank Baum. In Baum's subsequent Oz novels, it is the Nome King who is the principal villain; the Wicked Witch of the West is rarely even referred to again after her death in the first book.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wicked Witch of the East</span> Fictional character

The Wicked Witch of the East is a fictional character created by American author L. Frank Baum. She is a crucial character but appears only briefly in Baum's classic children's series of Oz novels, most notably The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900).

Toto (<i>Oz</i>) Fictional dog in the Oz series

Toto is a fictional dog in L. Frank Baum's Oz series of children's books, and works derived from them. He was originally a small terrier drawn by W. W. Denslow for the first edition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900). He reappears in later Oz books and in numerous adaptations, such as The Wizard of Oz (1939) and The Wiz (1978).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meinhardt Raabe</span> American actor (1915-2010)

Meinhardt Frank Raabe was an American actor. He was one of the last surviving Munchkin-actors in The Wizard of Oz, and was also the last surviving cast member with any dialogue in the film. He portrayed the coroner who certified the death of the Wicked Witch of the East.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Good Witch of the North (Baum)</span> The Wonderful Wizard of Oz character

The Good Witch of the North, sometimes named Locasta or Tattypoo, is a fictional character in the Land of Oz, created by American author L. Frank Baum. She is the elderly and mild-mannered Ruler of the Gillikin Country. Her only significant appearance in Baum's work is in Chapter 2 of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900), in which she introduces Dorothy Gale to Oz and sends her to meet the Wizard, after placing a protective kiss on her forehead. She makes a brief cameo appearance at Princess Ozma's birthday party in The Road to Oz (1909), but is otherwise only mentioned elsewhere in the series.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jerry Maren</span> American actor (1920–2018)

Jerry Maren was an American actor who played a Munchkin member of the Lollipop Guild in the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film The Wizard of Oz. He became the last surviving adult Munchkin following the death of Ruth Duccini in 2014, and was also the last surviving cast member with a specifically identifiable speaking or singing role.

"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" is a song in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. It is the centerpiece of several individual songs in an extended set-piece performed by the Munchkins, Glinda and Dorothy Gale highlighted by a chorus of Munchkin girls and one of Munchkin boys, it was also sung by studio singers as well as by sung by the Winkie soldiers. It was composed by Harold Arlen, with the lyrics written by E. Y. Harburg. The group of songs celebrate the death of the Wicked Witch of the East when Dorothy's house is dropped on her by the cyclone.

<i>The Wizard of Oz</i> (1982 film) 1982 anime film directed by Fumihiko Takayama

The Wizard of Oz is a 1982 anime feature film directed by Fumihiko Takayama, from a screenplay by Akira Miyazaki, which is based on the 1900 children's novel by L. Frank Baum, with Yoshimitsu Banno and Katsumi Ueno as executive producers for Toho.

Adaptations of <i>The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</i>

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a 1900 children's novel written by American author L. Frank Baum. Since its first publication in 1900, it has been adapted many times by L. Frank Baum and others: for film, television, theatre, books, comics, games, and other media.

<i>The Wizard of Oz</i> (1987 musical) Musical by Harold Arlen, Herbert Stothart, E. Y. Harburg and John Kane

The Wizard of Oz is a musical with a book by John Kane, music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by E. Y. Harburg. It has additional background music by Herbert Stothart. It is based on the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum and the 1939 film version written by Noel Langley, Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf.

<i>Dorothy and the Witches of Oz</i> 2012 American film

Dorothy and the Witches of Oz is a 2012 film directed by Leigh Scott, based on the early 20th century novels The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Ozma of Oz, The Road to Oz and The Magic of Oz by L. Frank Baum. The film stars Paulie Redding, Billy Boyd, Eliza Swenson, Mia Sara, Lance Henriksen, and Christopher Lloyd. A longer version of the film was originally released as a TV miniseries in 2011 called The Witches of Oz, distributed by MarVista Entertainment. The miniseries was over an hour longer and had earlier versions of the special effects. The miniseries was originally released in 2011 in Europe, though its United Kingdom premiere was not until July 5, 2012 on the Sci-Fi Channel.

<i>The Wizard of Oz</i> (1942 musical) 1942 musical commissioned by the Muny

The Wizard of Oz is a musical commissioned by The Muny based on the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum and the 1939 film, The Wizard of Oz, using the film's songs by Harold Arlen and E. Y. Harburg. The book of the musical is by Frank Gabrielson, who would later write an adaptation of The Marvelous Land of Oz (1960) for Shirley Temple.

<i>Oz the Great and Powerful</i> 2013 film by Sam Raimi

Oz the Great and Powerful is a 2013 American fantasy adventure film directed by Sam Raimi and written by David Lindsay-Abaire and Mitchell Kapner from a story by Kapner. Based on L. Frank Baum's early 20th century Oz books and set 20 years before the events of the original 1900 novel, the film is a spiritual prequel to the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film, The Wizard of Oz. Starring James Franco in the title role, Mila Kunis, Rachel Weisz, Michelle Williams, Zach Braff, Bill Cobbs, Joey King, William Bock, and Tony Cox, the film tells the story of Oscar Diggs, a deceptive magician who arrives in the Land of Oz and encounters three witches: Theodora, Evanora, and Glinda. Oscar is then enlisted to restore order in Oz while struggling to resolve conflicts with the witches and himself.

<i>Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz</i> Childrens animated television series

Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz is an American animated children's television series loosely based on L. Frank Baum's 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its subsequent books, as well as its 1939 film adaptation. The series debuted on Boomerang SVOD on June 29, 2017. The series was picked up for the second and third seasons. The series ended on July 31, 2020, after three seasons. The series was removed from the streaming service in September 2024.

Francis "Frank" "Cookie" Cucksey was an American actor, singer, and circus performer, best known for his role as a Munchkin in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz.

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 Lyman Frank Baum; Martin Gardner (2000). The Annotated Wizard of Oz: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . W. W. Norton & Company. p.  39 . Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  2. Corinna Erhard: Das Münchner Kindl auf dem Rathaus – wer stand Modell? In: Corinna Erhard: München in 50 Antworten. München-Verlag, München 2011, ISBN   978-3-937090-57-3, S. 16.
  3. Emily and Per Ola d'Aulaire, "Mannequins: our fantasy figures of high fashion," Smithsonian, Vol. 22, no. 1, April 1991
  4. Fisher, Jill A. (Spring 2006). "Investigating the Barons: narrative and nomenclature in Munchausen syndrome". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 49 (2): 250–62. doi:10.1353/pbm.2006.0024. PMID   16702708. S2CID   12418075.
  5. 1 2 Jack Snow, Who's Who in Oz, Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1954; New York, Peter Bedrick Books, 1988; p. 144.
  6. Fricke, Stillman, Scarfone. The Wizard of Oz: The 50th Anniversary Pictorial History
  7. "Chicago Theater Collection – Historic Programs: Grand Opera House, Wizard of Oz". 27 July 1902. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  8. Mark Evan Swartz (2002). Oz Before the Rainbow. JHU Press. ISBN   978-0-8018-7092-7 . Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  9. Matthew Freeman (3 November 2016). Historicising Transmedia Storytelling: Early Twentieth-Century Transmedia Story Worlds. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN   978-1-315-43950-1.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Wizard of Oz Notes". Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  11. Yours Retro magazine; Summer 2024; Issue No. 78; page 40
  12. "Margaret Pellegrini dies at 89; actress played Munchkin in 'Oz'". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  13. Harmetz, Aljean (2013). The Making of the Wizard of Oz (75th Anniversary Updated ed.). Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 193. ISBN   978-1-61374-832-9.
  14. 1 2 "IOWA'S MUNCHKIN: Paullin Sets The Record Straight". whotv.com. 10 April 2013. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  15. "MichaelBarrier.com -- Funnyworld Revisited: Billy Bletcher". 7 June 2023. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  16. 1 2 Roger Catlin (4 July 2002). "We're Off to Sing the Wizard". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Jay Scarfone, William Stillman (June 2004). The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M-G-M Classic. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN   978-1-61774-843-1.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 Rob White; Edward Buscombe (2003). British Film Institute Film Classics, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-57958-328-6 . Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  19. Greg Gillette (3 March 2015). "Four Feet Tall and Searching". cnhillsborough.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cox 2002, p. 163.
  21. Scarfone, Jay (2004). The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M-G-M Classic. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 240. ISBN   1557836248.
  22. Rushdie, Salman (1992). The Wizard of Oz. Macmillan. p. 67. ISBN   0851703003.
  23. 1 2 "Munchkins of 'Oz' get a star on Walk of Fame". USA Today. 21 November 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  24. Billy H. Doyle (1999). The Ultimate Directory of Silent and Sound Era Performers: A Necrology of Actors and Actresses. Scarecrow Press. p. 30. ISBN   9780810835474. Bambury , John ( 1938 ) : b . Pennsylvania , 10 Jul 1891 ; d . Los Angeles County , CA , 4 Nov 1960
  25. "Munchkin Mayor's famed 'Oz' vest displayed at Chicagoland casino". nwitimes.com. 17 November 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  26. "Little People". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 25 September 1949. p. 140.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 "1938 Midget Jamboree". phreeque.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  28. "Billboard Mar 17, 1945". Billboard Magazine . 17 March 1945. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  29. 1 2 3 Jessica Pope (22 September 2009). "At 70, 'The Wizard of Oz' still not old". valdostadailytimes.com. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  30. "Mickey Carroll Obituary". St. Louis Post-Dispatch . 7 May 2009. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  31. "Billboard Sep 19, 1953". Billboard Magazine . 19 September 1953. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  32. "EX-ACTOR THOMAS J. COTTONARO, A 'WIZARD OF OZ' MUNCHKIN, DIES". Highbeam. 9 February 2001. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  33. Philip Potempa (11 May 2008). "'Wizard of Oz' Munchkin soldier Lewis Croft dead at age 88". nwitimes.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  34. 1 2 3 4 "Nate Eagle's Hollywood Midgets". Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  35. "Frank H. Cucksey Obituary". Sarasota Herald. 18 September 1984. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  36. Burt A. Folkart (12 November 1988). "Actor, Double: Billy Curtis; Midget Had Film Career". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  37. 1 2 Ron Baxley Jr. (26 July 2015). "Two 'Munchkins' actors in 'Wizard of Oz' worked at SRP". thetandd.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  38. 1 2 Cox 2002, p. 217.
  39. 1 2 "Prince Denis, 84, Performer Who Played Munchkin Mayor". The New York Times. 24 June 1984. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  40. Obituaries (12/25/68). The Arizona Republic. 25 December 1968. p. 54.
  41. 1 2 3 Cox 2002, p. 156.
  42. Kathee Yamamoto (9 June 1985). "Remembering Life Over the Rainbow: Former Munchkin Returns to Oz". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  43. 1 2 3 4 "Tiny Doll". The Daily Telegraph . 15 September 2004. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  44. Edwin L. Carpenter (27 November 2007). "The Munchkins of Oz: Exclusive Dove Interviews (Part 2)". dove.org. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  45. Cox 2002, p. 159-160.
  46. "Munchkin actress Ruth Duccini dies at 95". BBC. 17 January 2014. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  47. "The Final Curtain". Billboard Magazine. 21 April 1958. p. 61. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  48. 1 2 Howard Reich (18 March 1991). "50 Years After Entering Oz, 2 Munchkins Still Step Along The Yellow Brick Road". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  49. 1 2 David J. Hogan (June 2014). The Wizard of Oz FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Life, According to Oz. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN   978-1-4803-9719-4.
  50. "A Munchkin soldier's jacket from The Wizard of Oz". bonhams.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  51. "Capt. Jack Glicken, Exposition, 1935". ibase.sdsu.edu. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  52. Jamie Ward (8 May 2014). "Return to Oz with Plenty of Munchkins for Company". geaugamapleleaf.com. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  53. 1 2 Philip Potempa (12 September 2008). "Reader proud of family roots to famed 'Oz' Munchkin". nwitimes.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  54. 1 2 Cox 2002, p. 172.
  55. Marc Hartzman (21 September 2006). American Sideshow: An Encyclopedia of History's Most Wondrous and Curiously Strange Performers. Penguin Group USA. p. 191. ISBN   978-1-58542-530-3.
  56. "Major Mite". Ripley's Believe It or Not! . 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  57. "The Final Curtain". Billboard Magazine. 10 March 1945. p. 33. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  58. Per records at Green Lawn Cemetery in Columbus, OH James R. Hulse IV died in 1964 and is buried in section 106
  59. 1 2 "Little Lord Robert cabinet card, signed in 1908 midget in Wizard of Oz". pbagalleries.com. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  60. "Circus Midget Dies in Mexico" . Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  61. 1 2 3 Cox 2002, p. 218.
  62. "Willi Koestner photo". liveauctiongroup.net. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  63. "Eddie Adams "Munchkin Fiddler" orange jacket designed". liveauctioneers.com. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  64. "Wizard of Oz Munchkin Costume: Joseph Koziel". icollector.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  65. Goldie Rapp (30 January 2021). "Did you know one of 'The Wizard of Oz' munchkins was a Spring Valley native?". Shaw Local. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  66. "Obituaries". Arizona Republic. 10 April 1993. p. 92. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  67. 1 2 "Charter Members". Little People of America . Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  68. "Nita Krebs". Variety magazine . 28 January 1991. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016.
  69. "Jeane La Barbera and Robert Drake". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  70. "John Leal; Played Munchkin in 'Wizard of Oz'". Los Angeles Times . 12 November 1996. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  71. "Come out, come out, wherever you are. A memorable munchkin from The Wizard of Oz". pastimes13.wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  72. "Midgets Break Ground for their City". sideshowworld.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  73. "Two Killed When Sedan Skids into Bus on Bay Bridge; Midget Hit, Dies; Fatal Heart Attack Follows Auto Crash". Oakland Tribune. 1 April 1941. p. 19. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  74. San Diego Union 5 January 1959 p b5
  75. Scarfone, Jay (2004). The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M-G-M Classic. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 248. ISBN   1557836248.
  76. "The Final Curtain". Billboard Magazine. 2 July 1955. p. 51. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  77. "RB Registrants, 45–65, Get Big Play in Met Press". Billboard Magazine. 9 May 1942. p. 40.
  78. "OFFBEAT: 'Wizard of Oz' Munchkin's wife, Elizabeth Maren, dead at 69". 31 January 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  79. "Jerry Maren, Who Sang and Danced as a Munchkin in Oz, Dies at 98". The New York Times. 6 June 2018.
  80. 1 2 Shortest Twins. Guinness World Records. 30 April 2013. ISBN   978-0-345-54711-8.
  81. "Full text of "Billboard" June 12, 1954". Billboard Magazine. 12 June 1954. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  82. 1 2 Kim (13 November 2012). "The Los Angeles Prosperity Carnival and Indoor Fair of 1915". insroland.org. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  83. "Lajos and Majtus & Bela Matina". R. W. Baker & Company Funeral Home. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  84. Ancestry: Ike Matina in the Virginia, Death Records, 1912-2014
  85. 1 2 Cox 2002, p. 151.
  86. "Wizard of Oz 'Munchkin' dies aged 95". BBC News. 1 January 2000. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016.
  87. Cox 1989, p. 163.
  88. 1 2 Cox 2002, p. 158.
  89. "The "MGM" Munchkins". Kansasoz. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
  90. "Obituaries May 5, 1994". Los Angeles Times. 5 May 1994. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  91. 1 2 "LITTLE PEOPLE…HUMONGOUS HEARTS – Part Five". OZ Museum . Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  92. Scott Wilson (19 August 2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed. McFarland. p. 549. ISBN   978-1-4766-2599-7.
  93. Wendy Richter (22 August 2015). "Local man appeared in Wizard of Oz". thegurdontimes.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  94. Hannah Pearce (8 December 2016). "Franklin Haltom O'Baugh: A Short Biography". scholarlycommons.obu.edu. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  95. "Margaret Pellegrini dies at 89; actress played Munchkin in 'Oz'". Los Angeles Times . 8 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  96. Cox 2002, p. 219.
  97. Mark W. Maxwell (2010). Egg Harbor City. Arcadia Publishing. p. 125. ISBN   978-0-7385-6572-9.
  98. Cox 2002, p. 18.
  99. History For Sale: Lillian Porter - HFSID 22717
  100. Fox, Margalit (9 April 2010). "Meinhardt Raabe, Famous Munchkin, Is Dead at 94". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  101. Cox 2002, p. 6.
  102. 1 2 Michelle Miller (30 August 2003). "'Oz' film actor never measured stature in inches". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  103. "Travel Ban Lifted for German Midget". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 13 January 1942. p. 17. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  104. Hank Davis. Classic Cliffhangers: Volume 1 1914–1940. Midnight Marquee & BearManor Media.
  105. John Willis (June 1983). Screen World 1968. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. p. 238. ISBN   978-0-8196-0309-8.
  106. Walter Bodin, Burnet Hershey (1934). It's a Small World: All about Midgets. Coward-McCann. p. 289.
  107. "Roka Dies; Famous Midget". Sarasota News. 4 December 1954. p. 13. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  108. Cox 2002, p. 220.
  109. 1 2 3 "Wojnarski family midgets". phreeque.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  110. "Hello Again" (PDF). otrr.org. May 1979. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  111. "Munchkins Get Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame". Fox News. 21 November 2007. Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  112. "Karl Slover dies at 93; among the last of the Munchkins". Los Angeles Times. 17 November 2011. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  113. "Elmer Spangler professes". Detroit Free Press. 22 August 1933. p. 1. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
  114. "The Midget Club". Chicago Tribune. 29 August 2005. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  115. Cox 2002, p. 141.
  116. Banta, Bob (26 February 2009). "Former Munchkin dies at 91". Austin-American Statesman. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  117. Cox 2002, p. 145.
  118. "8 Munchkins Find There Is No Place Like Kansas". Orlando Sentinel. 10 May 1992. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  119. Cox 2002, p. 160.
  120. "Midget actor appeared in 'Wizard of Oz'". Variety . 2 March 1998. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  121. Cox 2002, p. 146.
  122. North Dakota State University. "Harvey Williams with William and Dorothy Haverstraw, Rugby, N.D." Digital Horizons. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  123. Harris M. Lentz III (24 October 2008). Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 1999. McFarland. p. 239. ISBN   978-0-7864-5204-0.
  124. 1 2 3 4 Debbie L. Sklar (11 May 2011). "Life Beyond the Yellow Brick Road". patch.com. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  125. 1 2 3 Debbie L. Sklar (17 November 2011). "Local 'Wizard of Oz' Child Actress Remembers Munchkin, Karl Slover, 93, Who Died Tuesday". patch.com. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  126. 1 2 3 4 Cox, Stephen (2 December 2008). "Child actors recall joining Munchkin ranks in 'Oz'". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  127. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Meet Joan Kenmore who once danced on the yellow brick road". allvoices.com. Archived from the original on 28 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  128. Dianne Reber Hart (24 October 2019). "One of last living Munchkins reflects from her home in Sonoma". Sonoma News.
  129. "𝐁𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐲 𝐀𝐧𝐧 𝐊𝐚'𝐢𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐢 𝐁𝐫𝐮𝐧𝐨 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟏 – 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟑". All Things Oz Museum on Twitter. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  130. "Former KTVU reporter Betty Ann Bruno dead at 91". KTVU. 30 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  131. "'The Wizard of Oz' 3D Screening in LA" . Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  132. "Memories & Candles". tributes.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  133. Dee Dunheim (18 September 2013). "She was a child munchkin". NWI Times. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  134. "So long and R.I.P Joan Kenmore, whose death earlier this year on July 26, 2022, aged 90, was just announced by her daughter to Marcos @marcosinwonderland". Austin & Howard Mutti-Mewse on Instagram. 18 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  135. "Eva Feldman". Las Vegas Review Journal. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  136. Atreides, Paul (4 June 2015). "Farewell to a friend whose star never faded". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  137. "Actress, former "munchkin." dead at 61". Great Falls Tribune. 20 August 1991. p. 8. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  138. "Rae-Nell Laskey during the filming of Wizard of Oz". Ancestry.com. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  139. Dave Lord Heath. "Elaine Merk". Lord Heath. Retrieved 19 May 2021.[ better source needed ]
  140. 1 2 Dave Lord Heath. "Valerie Lee". Lord Heath. Retrieved 21 March 2023.[ better source needed ]
  141. "Ardith Mae Todd". Legacy. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  142. "Shirley Ann Kennedy Vegors Obituary". legacy.com. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  143. Cox 1989, p. 37.
  144. "Wizard of Oz (MUNY 1945)". Tams–Witmark Music Library. 2005. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2011.

Works cited