Neocalanus plumchrus

Last updated

Neocalanus plumchrus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Copepoda
Order: Calanoida
Family: Calanidae
Genus: Neocalanus
Species:
N. plumchrus
Binomial name
Neocalanus plumchrus
(Marukawa, 1921)
Synonyms [1]
  • Calanus plumchrusMarukawa, 1921
  • Calanus tonsus plumchrusFulton, 1968

Neocalanus plumchrus is a large species of copepod found in the Pacific and Arctic Oceans. It was described in 1921 H. by Marukawa. N. flemingeri was formerly considered as conspecific, likely as a form, until it was split in 1988 by Charles B. Miller.

Contents

Taxonomy and etymology

Neocalanus plumchrus was originally described by Marukawa in 1921. [1] It was eventually moved by Janet Bradford and John Jillett in 1974 from the genus Calanus to its current placement in Neocalanus . The species N. flemingeri was split out of this species in 1988, where it is considered by Charles B. Miller to have been placed as f. typica. [2]

Description

Neocalanus plumchrus is considered a large copepod, [3] with females generally ranging from about 4 to 6.3 millimetres (0.16 to 0.25 in) in length. The males are usually between about 4.2 and 5 millimetres (0.17 and 0.20 in) in length. [4] Stage V copepodites usually are more than 4.3 millimetres (0.17 in) in length. [5] The females of N. plumchrus, contrasting to those of N. flemingeri, have convex first urosomal tagma. The cephalosome length to prosome length ratio is generally over 0.44. The spermatophore deposited in females lacks any coils. In males, the ratio of cephalosome length to prosome length is usually between 0.55 and 0.56. The first antenna extends beyond the caudal rami by multiple segments. In stage V copepodites, the colouration and the second from medial caudal seta (or II bristle) can be used to distinguish this species and N. flemingeri. In N. plumchrus, there is red-orange colouration along both of the first antennae, vertical stripes of colour along the sides of the thorax, and on the caudal rami. The II bristle is about 0.28 millimetres (0.011 in) in diameter 0.5 millimetres (0.020 in) from its base, and is over three times the length of the urosome when the former is in its entirety. [2]

Distribution

In the Pacific, N. plumchrus is found in the Sea of Japan, the northern Pacific, and off California. It is also found in the Arctic Ocean. [4]

Ecology

Life cycle and reproduction

The timing of reproduction in N. plumchrus is variable; in the Strait of Georgia, it breeds between December and April, [6] whereas it breeds between July and February at Station P. [5] In both cases, it breeds at depth, usually below around 300 metres (980 ft) in the former, and below about 250 metres (820 ft) in the latter case. [6] It likely utilizes lipid stores to breed, instead of recently consumed food. After reproducing, the adults die; first the males, and then the females. [7] Copepodite stages I through V develop in the surface waters (stages II through IV are found in the top 250 metres (820 ft) throughout the year in waters off Japan, for example) late during the phytoplankton bloom. [8] Stage V copepodites enter diapause at depths of below 250 metres (820 ft) [5] during late summer. [3] At Station P, the number of copepodites in diapause remains about the same until September, when numbers decrease due to mortality and development into adults. [6] This contrasts to the Strait of Georgia, where diapause is from July to January, and maturation occurs during January and February. [5]

Feeding

Neocalanus plumchrus is, as a whole, omnivorous, although there are regional variations. In the Strait of Georgia, for example, this copepod is mainly herbivorous, whereas in the ocean, omnivory is more prevalent; this affects the composition of lipids, with oceanic samples having (likely as an adaptation to lower concentrations of food) more monounsaturated fats with 20 or 22 carbon atoms. [9] It is able to uptake glucose directly from seawater from its dermal glands and midgut, which arthropods were thought to be incapable of due to their rigid exoskeleton. [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Copepod</span> Subclass of crustaceans

Copepods are a group of small crustaceans found in nearly every freshwater and saltwater habitat. Some species are planktonic, some are benthic, several species have parasitic phases, and some continental species may live in limnoterrestrial habitats and other wet terrestrial places, such as swamps, under leaf fall in wet forests, bogs, springs, ephemeral ponds, puddles, damp moss, or water-filled recesses of plants (phytotelmata) such as bromeliads and pitcher plants. Many live underground in marine and freshwater caves, sinkholes, or stream beds. Copepods are sometimes used as biodiversity indicators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diel vertical migration</span> A pattern of daily vertical movement characteristic of many aquatic species

Diel vertical migration (DVM), also known as diurnal vertical migration, is a pattern of movement used by some organisms, such as copepods, living in the ocean and in lakes. The adjective "diel" comes from Latin: diēs, lit. 'day', and refers to a 24-hour period. The migration occurs when organisms move up to the uppermost layer of the water at night and return to the bottom of the daylight zone of the oceans or to the dense, bottom layer of lakes during the day. DVM is important to the functioning of deep-sea food webs and the biologically-driven sequestration of carbon.

<i>Calanus finmarchicus</i> Species of crustacean

Calanus finmarchicus is a species of copepod and a component of the zooplankton, which is found in enormous amounts in the northern Atlantic Ocean.

Neocalanus is a genus of marine copepods. They are a dominant component of the open water ecosystems of the northern Pacific Ocean. Neocalanus are large copepods, reaching body lengths of more than 8 mm (0.31 in) in Neocalanus plumchrus.

<i>Calanus hyperboreus</i> Species of crustacean

Calanus hyperboreus is a copepod found in the Arctic and northern Atlantic. It occurs from the surface to depths of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft).

<i>Calanus glacialis</i> Species of crustacean

Calanus glacialis is an Arctic copepod found in the north-western Atlantic Ocean, adjoining waters, and the northwestern Pacific and its nearby waters. It ranges from sea level to 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) in depth. Females generally range from about 3.6 to 5.5 millimetres in length, and males generally range from about 3.9 to 5.4 millimetres in length.

<i>Calanus helgolandicus</i> Species of crustacean

Calanus helgolandicus is a copepod found in the Atlantic, from the North Sea south to the western coast of Africa. The female has an average size of about 2.9 millimetres (0.11 in) and the male has an average size of about 2.7 millimetres (0.11 in).

Calanus pacificus is a species of copepod found in the Pacific Ocean. The female has an average length of about 3.1 millimetres (0.12 in), and the male has a value of about 2.9 millimetres (0.11 in).

<i>Calanus propinquus</i> Species of crustacean

Calanus propinquus is a copepod found in Antarctica, and the surrounding waters.

<i>Calanoides acutus</i> Species of crustacean

Calanoides acutus is a copepod found in Antarctica and the surrounding waters.

Metridia longa is a copepod found in the Arctic, the north Atlantic, the Pacific, and surrounding waters. The female has an average length of about 4.2 millimetres (0.17 in), and the males have an average length of about 3.5 millimetres (0.14 in).

Neocalanus cristatus is a species of copepod found primarily in the northern Pacific.

Metridia pacifica is a copepod found in the north Pacific and surrounding waters.

Eucalanus bungii is a copepod found in the north Pacific and surrounding waters.

Pseudocalanus newmani is a copepod found in Arctic and northern Pacific waters. It was described by Frost in 1989. It is found in the Arctic and surrounding waters. There are multiple generations. Unlike some copepods, P. newmani undergoes reverse diel vertical migration, descending during the night, and ascending during the day, although it may undergo normal or no migration at all depending on predation. This copepod is primarily herbivorous.

Calanus sinicus is a copepod found in the northwest Pacific.

Rhincalanus nasutus is a copepod in the family Rhincalanidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lipid pump</span>

The lipid pump sequesters carbon from the ocean's surface to deeper waters via lipids associated with overwintering vertically migratory zooplankton. Lipids are a class of hydrocarbon rich, nitrogen and phosphorus deficient compounds essential for cellular structures. This lipid carbon enters the deep ocean as carbon dioxide produced by respiration of lipid reserves and as organic matter from the mortality of zooplankton.

<i>Metridia gerlachei</i> Species of crustacean

Metridia gerlachei is a copepod found primarily in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters.

Pseudocalanus minutus is a small copepod found in the Arctic Ocean and surrounding waters.

References

  1. 1 2 Walter TC, Boxshall G, eds. (2023). "Neocalanus plumchrus (Marukawa, 1921)". World of Copepods database. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  2. 1 2 Miller, Charles B. (1988). "Neocalanus flemingeri, a new species of Calanidae (Copepoda: Calanoida) from the subarctic Pacific Ocean, with a comparative redescription of Neocalanus plumchrus (Marukawa) 1921". Progress in Oceanography. 20 (4): 223–273. doi:10.1016/0079-6611(88)90042-0.
  3. 1 2 Batten, Sonia D.; Welch, David W.; Jonas, Tanya (2003). "Latitudinal differences in the duration of development of Neocalanus plumchrus copepodites". Fisheries Oceanography. 12 (3): 201–208. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00233.x.
  4. 1 2 Razouls C.; de Bovée F.; Kouwenberg J.; Desreumaux N. (2018). "Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Marine Planktonic Copepods". Sorbonne Université, CNRS. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Miller, Charles B.; Frost, Bruce W.; Batchelder, Harold P.; Clemons, Martha J.; Conway, Richard E. (1984). "Life histories of large, grazing copepods in a subarctic ocean gyre: Neocalanus plumchrus, Neocalanus cristatus, and Eucalanus bungii in the Northeast Pacific". Progress in Oceanography. 13 (2): 201–243. doi:10.1016/0079-6611(84)90009-0.
  6. 1 2 3 Conover, R. J. (1988). "Comparative life histories in the genera Calanus and Neocalanus in high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere". Hydrobiologia. 167 (1): 127–142. doi:10.1007/BF00026299.
  7. ↑ Evanson, M; Bornhold, EA; Goldblatt, RH; Harrison, PJ; Lewis, AG (2000). "Temporal variation in body composition and lipid storage of the overwintering, subarctic copepod Neocalanus plumchrus in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia (Canada)". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 192: 239–247. doi: 10.3354/meps192239 .
  8. ↑ Kobari, T. (2001). "Ontogenetic vertical migration and life cycle of Neocalanus plumchrus (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the Oyashio region, with notes on regional variations in body sizes". Journal of Plankton Research. 23 (3): 287–302. doi:10.1093/plankt/23.3.287.
  9. ↑ El-Sabaawi, R; Dower, JF; Kainz, M; Mazumder, A (2009). "Interannual variability in fatty acid composition of the copepod Neocalanus plumchrus in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 382: 151–161. doi: 10.3354/meps07915 .
  10. ↑ Chapman, Peter M. (1981). "Evidence for dissolved glucose uptake from seawater by Neocalanus plumchrus (Arthropoda, Copepoda)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 59 (8): 1618–1621. doi:10.1139/z81-223.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.