The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about 7,000,000 km2 (2,700,000 sq mi), or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela, as well as the territory of French Guiana.
The São Francisco River is a large river in Brazil. With a length of 2,914 kilometres (1,811 mi), it is the longest river that runs entirely in Brazilian territory, and the fourth longest in South America and overall in Brazil. It used to be known as the Opara by the indigenous people before colonisation, and is today also known as "Velho Chico".
The Paraíba do Sul, or simply termed Paraíba, is a river in southeast Brazil. It flows 1,137 km (706 mi) west to northeast from its farthest source at the source of the river Paraitinga to the sea near Campos dos Goytacazes. The river receives its name when it meets the river Paraibuna at the Paraibuna dam.
The Doce River is a river in southeast Brazil with a length of 853 kilometres (530 mi). The river basin is economically important. In 2015, the collapse of a dam released highly contaminated water from mining into the river, causing an ecological disaster.
Salminus brasiliensis is a large, predatory characiform freshwater fish found in central and east-central South America. Despite having Salminus in its name, the dorado is not related to any species of salmon, nor to the saltwater fish also called dorado. It is very popular among recreational anglers and supports large commercial fisheries.
Neoplecostominae is a subfamily of South American catfishes of the family Loricariidae. Species of this subfamily live in high-mountain and swift-flowing river habitats.
Neoplecostomus is a genus of fish in the family Loricariidae native to South America. Neoplecostomus can be distinguished from all other loricariids by a modified shield of small plates on the abdomen with posteriorly directed odontodes; the shield appears to act as a holdfast. The color pattern is generally mottled brown with the abdomen white. The head is long, rounded, and shovel-shaped. The fin spines are weak. They range from about 8 to 11 cm (3.1–4.3 in) SL. The species of Neoplecostomus live in fast-flowing water.
Neoplecostomus paranensis is a species of armored catfish endemic to Brazil where it is found in the upper Paraná River basin. This species grows to a length of 9.3 centimetres (3.7 in) SL.
Neoplecostomus variipictus is a species of armored catfish endemic to Brazil where it is found in the Paraíba do Sul River basin. This species grows to a length of 9.0 centimetres (3.5 in) SL.
Neoplecostomus ribeirensis is a species of armored catfish endemic to Brazil where it occurs in the Ribeira de Iguape River basin. This species grows to a length of 9.0 centimetres (3.5 in) SL.
Trichomycterus argos is a species of pencil catfish endemic to Brazil, where it occurs in the Rio Doce basin, situated in the Serra do Brigadeiro range, Minas Gerais. This species reaches a maximum length of 11.7 centimetres (4.6 in) SL.
Neoplecostomus botucatu is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it is known only from the Pardo River basin near Botucatu in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The species reaches 10.2 cm in standard length. Its specific name, botucatu, refers to the municipality where specimens of the species were collected.
Neoplecostomus langeanii is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Muzambinho River basin near Muzambinho in the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil. The species reaches 8.6 cm in standard length. Its specific name, langeanii, honors Francisco Langeani of São Paulo State University for his contributions to the ichthyology of the Neotropical realm.
Neoplecostomus jaguari is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Jaguari River in the Tietê River basin, which is part of the upper Paraná River system in southeastern Brazil. The species reaches 9.3 cm in standard length.
Neoplecostomus watersi is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the upper Paraná River basin in the state of Goiás in Brazil. It is typically found at the bottom of clear rivers with rocky substrates. The species reaches 7 cm in standard length. Its specific name, watersi, honors Roger Waters of Pink Floyd.
Harttia intermontana is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the headwaters of the Doce River basin in the Mantiqueira Mountains in the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil. The species reaches at least 8 cm in standard length. It was described in 2019 by Jose Carlos de Oliveira and Osvaldo Takeshi Oyakawa alongside the species Neoplecostomus pirangaensis and Pareiorhaphis togoroi. FishBase does not yet list this species.
Neoplecostomus pirangaensis is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the headwaters of the Doce River basin in the Mantiqueira Mountains in the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil. The species reaches at least 8.3 cm in standard length. It was described in 2019 by Jose Carlos de Oliveira and Osvaldo Takeshi Oyakawa alongside the species Harttia intermontana and Pareiorhaphis togoroi. FishBase does not yet list this species.
Pareiorhina cepta is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the São Francisco River basin in the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil. It is known to occur alongside the species Astyanax rivularis, Characidium fasciatum, Neoplecostomus franciscoensis, and Trichomycterus macrotrichopterus. The species reaches 4.4 cm (1.7 in) in standard length.
Pareiorhina hyptiorhachis is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the basins of the Pomba River and the Paraíba do Sul in Brazil. It is typically found in small streams with moderate to fast flow, margins covered in aquatic vegetation, and a substrate composed of rocks and sand. It is known to occur alongside the species Geophagus brasiliensis and Neoplecostomus microps, as well as members of the genera Astyanax, Characidium, Harttia, Imparfinis, and Trichomycterus. The species reaches 3.9 cm (1.5 in) in standard length.
Deuterodon sazimai is a small freshwater fish endemic to a handful of river basins in southeastern Brazil. Upon being first described, it was considered a member of genus Probolodus; Probolodus is now considered obsolete, synonymized with Deuterodon. Much like other members of Deuterodon, and like some species in related genera like Astyanax or Jupiaba, D. oyakawai is a silvery fish with fins in some combination of red and clear. It sports a wedge-shaped humeral spot, and an oval-shaped blotch on its tail joint.
