Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. The field also studies combinations of elementary particles up to the scale of protons and neutrons,while the study of combination of protons and neutrons is called nuclear physics.
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,originally named the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center,is a federally funded research and development center in Menlo Park,California,United States. Founded in 1962,the laboratory is now sponsored by the United States Department of Energy and administrated by Stanford University. It is the site of the Stanford Linear Accelerator,a 3.2 kilometer (2-mile) linear accelerator constructed in 1966 that could accelerate electrons to energies of 50 GeV.
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab),located in Batavia,Illinois,near Chicago,is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory specializing in high-energy particle physics.
The Tevatron was a circular particle accelerator in the United States,at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,east of Batavia,Illinois,and was the highest energy particle collider until the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) was built near Geneva,Switzerland. The Tevatron was a synchrotron that accelerated protons and antiprotons in a 6.28 km (3.90 mi) circumference ring to energies of up to 1 TeV,hence its name. The Tevatron was completed in 1983 at a cost of $120 million and significant upgrade investments were made during its active years of 1983–2011.
TRIUMF is Canada's national particle accelerator centre. It is considered Canada's premier physics laboratory,and consistently regarded as one of the world's leading subatomic physics research centres. Owned and operated by a consortium of universities,it is on the south campus of one of its founding members,the University of British Columbia in Vancouver,British Columbia,Canada. It houses the world's largest normal conducting cyclotron,a source of 520 MeV protons,which was named an IEEE Milestone in 2010. Its accelerator-focused activities involve particle physics,nuclear physics,nuclear medicine,materials science,and detector and accelerator development.
The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a proposed linear particle accelerator. It is planned to have a collision energy of 500 GeV initially,with the possibility for a later upgrade to 1000 GeV (1 TeV). Although early proposed locations for the ILC were Japan,Europe (CERN) and the USA (Fermilab),the Kitakami highland in the Iwate prefecture of northern Japan has been the focus of ILC design efforts since 2013. The Japanese government is willing to contribute half of the costs,according to the coordinator of study for detectors at the ILC.
The UA1 experiment was a high-energy physics experiment that ran at CERN's Proton-Antiproton Collider,a modification of the one-beam Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). The data was recorded between 1981 and 1990. The joint discovery of the W and Z bosons by this experiment and the UA2 experiment in 1983 led to the Nobel Prize for physics being awarded to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer in 1984. Peter Kalmus and John Dowell,from the UK groups working on the project,were jointly awarded the 1988 Rutherford Medal and Prize from the Institute of Physics for their outstanding roles in the discovery of the W and Z particles.
The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) experimental collaboration studies high energy particle collisions from the Tevatron,the world's former highest-energy particle accelerator. The goal is to discover the identity and properties of the particles that make up the universe and to understand the forces and interactions between those particles.
Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) is the largest underground research center in the world. Situated below Gran Sasso mountain in Italy,it is well known for particle physics research by the INFN. In addition to a surface portion of the laboratory,there are extensive underground facilities beneath the mountain. The nearest towns are L'Aquila and Teramo. The facility is located about 120 km from Rome.
SNOLAB is a Canadian underground science laboratory specializing in neutrino and dark matter physics. Located 2 km below the surface in Vale's Creighton nickel mine near Sudbury,Ontario,SNOLAB is an expansion of the existing facilities constructed for the original Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) solar neutrino experiment.
Astroparticle physics,also called particle astrophysics,is a branch of particle physics that studies elementary particles of astrophysical origin and their relation to astrophysics and cosmology. It is a relatively new field of research emerging at the intersection of particle physics,astronomy,astrophysics,detector physics,relativity,solid state physics,and cosmology. Partly motivated by the discovery of neutrino oscillation,the field has undergone rapid development,both theoretically and experimentally,since the early 2000s.
The Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF),or Sanford Lab,is an underground laboratory in Lead,South Dakota. The deepest underground laboratory in the United States,it houses multiple experiments in areas such as dark matter and neutrino physics research,biology,geology and engineering. There are currently 28 active research projects housed within the facility.
Antonio Ereditato is an Italian physicist,currently Research Professor at the University of Chicago,associate researcher at Fermilab,Batavia,USA,and Emeritus professor at the University of Bern,Switzerland,where he has been Director of the Laboratory for High Energy Physics from 2006 to 2020. From 2021 to 2022 Ereditato has been Visiting Professor at the Yale University,USA. He carried out research activities in the field of experimental neutrino physics,of weak interactions and strong interactions with experiments conducted at CERN,in Japan,at Fermilab in United States and at the LNGS in Italy. Ereditato has accomplished several R&D studies on particle detectors:wire chambers,calorimeters,time projection chambers,nuclear emulsions,detectors for medical applications.
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a neutrino experiment under construction,with a near detector at Fermilab and a far detector at the Sanford Underground Research Facility that will observe neutrinos produced at Fermilab. An intense beam of trillions of neutrinos from the production facility at Fermilab will be sent over a distance of 1,300 kilometers (810 mi) with the goal of understanding the role of neutrinos in the universe. More than 1,000 collaborators work on the project. The experiment is designed for a 20-year period of data collection.
The Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) is a scientific advisory panel tasked with recommending plans for U.S. investment in particle physics research over the next ten years,on the basis of various funding scenarios. The P5 is a temporary subcommittee of the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel (HEPAP),which serves the Department of Energy's Office of Science and the National Science Foundation. In 2014,the panel was chaired by Steven Ritz of the University of California,Santa Cruz. In 2023,the panel was chaired by Hitoshi Murayama of the University of California,Berkeley.
The INFN National Laboratory of Frascati (LNF) was founded in 1954 with the objective of furthering particle physics research,and more specifically to host the 1.1 GeV electrosynchrotron,the first accelerator ever built in Italy. The Laboratory later developed the first ever electron-positron collider:from the first prototype AdA,which demonstrated the feasibility,to the ring ADONE and later on to DAΦNE,still operative today (2024). LNF was also the proposed site of the cancelled particle accelerator SuperB.
Vera G. Lüth is an experimental particle physicist and professor emerita at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC),Stanford University,in the United States. A senator of the Helmholtz Association,she has worked in particle physics at SLAC since 1974. She is a fellow of the American Physical Society.
Marzio Nessi,is an experimental physicist with a focus on high-energy and high-intensity particle physics.
Natalie Ann Roe is an experimental particle physicist and observational cosmologist,and the Associate Laboratory Director for the Physical Sciences Area at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) since 2020. Previously,she was the Physics Division Director for eight years. She has been awarded as the Fellow of American Physical Society (APS) and American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) for her exceptional scientific career and contributions.
Mary R. M. Bishai is an American physicist who is a Distinguished Scientist at Brookhaven National Laboratory. In 2023,she was elected spokesperson of Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment,and was made responsible for the 1,400 person collaboration. She was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2015.
