The European Organization for Nuclear Research,known as CERN,is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954,it is based in Meyrin,western suburb of Geneva,on the France–Switzerland border. It comprises 23 member states. Israel,admitted in 2013,is the only non-European full member. CERN is an official United Nations General Assembly observer.
The Tevatron was a circular particle accelerator in the United States,at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,east of Batavia,Illinois,and is the second highest energy particle collider ever built,after the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) near Geneva,Switzerland. The Tevatron was a synchrotron that accelerated protons and antiprotons in a 6.28 km (3.90 mi) ring to energies of up to 1 TeV,hence its name. The Tevatron was completed in 1983 at a cost of $120 million and significant upgrade investments were made during its active years of 1983–2011.
In particle physics,the W and Z bosons are vector bosons that are together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary particles mediate the weak interaction;the respective symbols are
W+
,
W−
,and
Z0
. The
W±
bosons have either a positive or negative electric charge of 1 elementary charge and are each other's antiparticles. The
Z0
boson is electrically neutral and is its own antiparticle. The three particles each have a spin of 1. The
W±
bosons have a magnetic moment,but the
Z0
has none. All three of these particles are very short-lived,with a half-life of about 3×10−25 s. Their experimental discovery was pivotal in establishing what is now called the Standard Model of particle physics.
Gargamelle was a heavy liquid bubble chamber detector in operation at CERN between 1970 and 1979. It was designed to detect neutrinos and antineutrinos,which were produced with a beam from the Proton Synchrotron (PS) between 1970 and 1976,before the detector was moved to the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). In 1979 an irreparable crack was discovered in the bubble chamber,and the detector was decommissioned. It is currently part of the "Microcosm" exhibition at CERN,open to the public.
Simon van der Meer was a Dutch particle accelerator physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Carlo Rubbia for contributions to the CERN project which led to the discovery of the W and Z particles,the two fundamental communicators of the weak interaction.
The Underground Area 2 (UA2) experiment was a high-energy physics experiment at the Proton-Antiproton Collider —a modification of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) —at CERN. The experiment ran from 1981 until 1990,and its main objective was to discover the W and Z bosons. UA2,together with the UA1 experiment,succeeded in discovering these particles in 1983,leading to the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer. The UA2 experiment also observed the first evidence for jet production in hadron collisions in 1981,and was involved in the searches of the top quark and of supersymmetric particles. Pierre Darriulat was the spokesperson of UA2 from 1981 to 1986,followed by Luigi Di Lella from 1986 to 1990.
The UA1 experiment was a high-energy physics experiment that ran at CERN's Proton-Antiproton Collider,a modification of the one-beam Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). The data was recorded between 1981 and 1990. The joint discovery of the W and Z bosons by this experiment and the UA2 experiment in 1983 led to the Nobel Prize for physics being awarded to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer in 1984. Peter Kalmus and John Dowell,from the UK groups working on the project,were jointly awarded the 1988 Rutherford Medal and Prize from the Institute of Physics for their outstanding roles in the discovery of the W and Z particles.
The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) is a particle accelerator of the synchrotron type at CERN. It is housed in a circular tunnel,6.9 kilometres (4.3 mi) in circumference,straddling the border of France and Switzerland near Geneva,Switzerland.
Stochastic cooling is a form of particle beam cooling. It is used in some particle accelerators and storage rings to control the emittance of the particle beams in the machine. This process uses the electrical signals that the individual charged particles generate in a feedback loop to reduce the tendency of individual particles to move away from the other particles in the beam.
The timeline of particle physics lists the sequence of particle physics theories and discoveries in chronological order. The most modern developments follow the scientific development of the discipline of particle physics.
The Low Energy Anti-Proton Ring (LEAR) was a particle accelerator at CERN which operated from 1982 until 1996. The ring was designed to decelerate and store antiprotons,to study the properties of antimatter and to create atoms of antihydrogen. Antiprotons for the ring were created by the CERN Proton Synchrotron via the Antiproton Collector and the Antiproton Accumulator (AA). The creation of at least nine atoms of antihydrogen were confirmed by the PS210 experiment in 1995.
Alan Astbury (1934–2014) was a Canadian physicist,emeritus professor at the University of Victoria,and director of the Tri-Universities Meson Facility (TRIUMF) laboratory.
The Antiproton Accumulator (AA) was an infrastructure connected to the Proton–Antiproton Collider –a modification of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) –at CERN. The AA was built in 1979 and 1980,for the production and accumulation of antiprotons. In the SppS the antiprotons were made to collide with protons,achieving collisions at a center of mass energy of app. 540 GeV. Several experiments recorded data from the collisions,most notably the UA1 and UA2 experiment,where the W and Z bosons were discovered in 1983.
Peter Ignaz Paul Kalmus,is a British particle physicist,and emeritus professor of physics at Queen Mary,University of London.
Vinod Chandrasinh Chohan was a Tanzanian-born accelerator specialist and engineer. He was a Senior Staff Member at CERN for nearly 40 years.
Luigi Di Lella is an Italian experimental particle physicist. He has been a staff member at CERN for over 40 years,and has played an important role in major experiments at CERN such as CAST and UA2. From 1986 to 1990 he acted as spokesperson for the UA2 Collaboration,which,together with the UA1 Collaboration,discovered the W and Z bosons in 1983.
Pierre Darriulat is a French experimental particle physicist. As staff member at CERN,he contributed in several prestigious experiments. He was the spokesperson of the UA2 collaboration from 1981 to 1986,during which time the UA2 collaboration,together with the UA1 collaboration,discovered the W and Z bosons in 1983.
The Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron was a particle accelerator that operated at CERN from 1981 to 1991. To operate as a proton-antiproton collider the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) underwent substantial modifications,altering it from a one beam synchrotron to a two-beam collider. The main experiments at the accelerator were UA1 and UA2,where the W and Z bosons were discovered in 1983. Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer received the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics for their contributions to the SppS-project,which led to the discovery of the W and Z bosons. Other experiments conducted at the SppS were UA4,UA5 and UA8.
]
