Norton Utilities is a utility software suite designed to help analyze, configure, optimize and maintain a computer. The latest version of the original series of Norton Utilities is Norton Utilities 16 for Windows XP/Vista/7/8, released 26 October 2012.
Peter Norton published the first version for DOS, The Norton Utilities, Release 1, in 1982. Release 2 came out about a year later, subsequent to the first hard drives for the IBM PC line. Peter Norton's company was sold to Symantec (now known as Gen Digital) in 1990 and Peter Norton himself no longer has any connection to the brand or company.
Norton Utilities for DOS and Windows 3.1
Version 1.0
The initial 1982 release supports DOS 1.x and features the UNERASE utility. This allows files to be undeleted by restoring the first letter of the directory entry (a workaround of the FAT file system used in DOS). The UNERASE utility was what launched NU on its path to success. Quoting Peter Norton, "Why did The Norton Utilities become such popular software? Well, industry wisdom has it that software becomes standard either by providing superior capabilities or by solving problems that were previously unsolvable. In 1982, when I sat down at my PC to write Unerase, I was solving a common problem to which there was no readily available solution."[1]
The main feature of this DOS 2.x compatible version is FILEFIND, used for searching for files.[citation needed] This 1983 release adds hard disk support, and the PRINT program was renamed LPRINT to avoid conflict with the DOS command introduced in MS-DOS 2.0 as PRINT.COM.[4] Following this release Norton became Utilities Editor of PC Magazine.[5]
The executable files were compressed with Realia's Spacemaker.[6][7]
Version 3.0
This version, copyrighted 1984 but dated 21 January 1985, includes Beep, Directory Sort, Disk Test, File Attributes, File Find, File Size, Line Print, List Directories, Screen Attributes, System Information, Text Search, Time Mark, Volume Label, Wipe Disk and Wipe File.
Version 3.1
This 1986 version adds the Quick UnErase (QU) and Unremove Directory (UD) programs.
Version 4.0
Norton Utilities 4.0 for DOS
Release 4.0 (1987, list $99.95) adds four new programs:[8]
File Info, add descriptions up to 65 characters long to each file
Norton Change Directory, displays a graphic directory tree; change, remove, rename or make directories
Norton Integrator, a menu system to tie the utilities together. Previously the utilities were accessed by typing the command name (usually a cryptic 2 character name such as FF) at the DOS prompt.
Version 4.0 Advanced Edition
This version (list $150), released simultaneously with 4.0 standard edition, is dated 15 May 1987. It adds Speed Disk, a disk defragmenter, and Format Recover.
Version 4.5 Advanced Edition
Norton Integrator from Norton Utilities 4.5 for DOS
Norton Disk Doctor is the major addition in this 1988 release.[9] It also includes Wipedisk; Wipefile, a Batch Enhancer and a sector level disk editor; a system information diagnostic utility and a disk caching program (NCACHE), which is between 10 - 50% faster than Microsoft's SMARTDrive when properly configured.
Version 5.0
Release 5.0 adds new features, including Disk Editor, a utility to perform low level formatting on hard disks and changes such as password protection on the more "dangerous" utilities. It also includes a licensed version of the 4DOS replacement for COMMAND.COM called NDOS. This version also allows the choice of "classic" names (such as FF.EXE) or longer names (such as FINDFAST.EXE); these are configurable in the updated version of the Norton Integrator menu system.
Version 6.0
Norton Utilities 6.0 for DOS
Norton Utilities 6.0 supports DOS 5 and Windows 3.1. It includes Windows Program Manager support, but the tools are still DOS-based, so a set of icons were supplied.
It includes Norton Disk Doctor, Disk Editor, Disk Tools, Speed Disk, Norton Cache, Disk Monitor, Diskreet, NDisk, System Information, NDOS.[10]
The speed of Speed Disk is improved over the previous release.
System Information now includes more detailed information on installed system.
UnErase takes advantage of DOS 5.0's Delete Tracking and Mirror File features to recover data.[11] However, MS-DOS 5.0 adds a new UNDELETE.exe program, licensed from Norton competitor Central Point Software,[12] which takes advantage of the same Delete Sentry control and Deletion-tracking files. (The ERASE command is an alias for the DEL (Delete) command in the DOS command line). Windows 95's Recycle Bin soon further reduced the need for UnErase.
Tools includes Norton Disk Doctor, Disk Editor, Undelete, SmartCan, NDOS, System Information, File Find, Norton Change Directory.[13]
Speed Disk remains as well, although SPEEDISK.exe was licensed by Microsoft and incorporated into MS-DOS as DEFRAG.exe in MS-DOS 6.0 onward.[14]
Release 7.0 has revised user interfaces for the utilities that feature a menu-driven user interface. Also some of these tools now do not need to run in full-screen-mode but just display a window in the center of the screen, like the disk formatter or the disk duplicator utility.
Disk Editor now includes Advanced Recovery Mode.
Version 8.0 for DOS/Windows 3.x
Release 8.0 is nearly the same as 7.0, but adds Windows 3.1 utilities.
DOS Utilities include Norton Disk Doctor, System Information, Change Directory, FileFind, Diskreet, DUPDISK, File Fix, NDOS, Batch Enhancer, Norton Integrator, Speed Disk.[15]
Windows utilities include Norton Disk Doctor, Speed Disk, System Watch, File Compare, INI Tracker, INI Tuner, INI editor, INI Advisor
The original Windows 95 version was released in August 1995.
As a native Windows 95 tool, it supports the VFAT file system used by Windows 95.
It includes Norton Image, Norton System Doctor, Norton Protection, Rescue Disk, System Information, Norton Disk Doctor, Norton UnErase, Space Wizard, Speed Disk, System Information.[16] DOS tools include Disk Editor, Disk Doctor, Pre-Installation TuneUp.[17]
CD-ROM version was announced on 15 January 1996.[18] It adds Disk Companion, Memory Companion and Norton Utilities Companion over floppy disk version.
Disk tools included with this release are not compatible with FAT32.
The Windows version of Speed Disk works with much greater speed than Microsoft's supplied defrag program, as it moved groups of clusters, not single clusters as Microsoft's Windows Disk Defragmenter. Changes in the way Windows operates meant that many of the old utilities were either dropped completely or replaced with GUI based versions. However, with the advent of Windows XP onwards, Norton's Speed Disk reverted to single-cluster defragmentation.[citation needed]
Version 2.0 for Windows 95
Version 2.0 was announced on 7 October 1996.[19] Version 2.0 features Norton CrashGuard with Anti-Freeze, Norton System Genie, Norton AntiVirus, LiveUpdate, System Genie, Registry Editor, System Doctor, System Benchmark, Disk Benchmark, Multimedia Benchmark, Speed Disk, Space Wizard.[20]
A LiveUpdate fix was released for Norton Utilities 2.0 for Windows 95.[22]
Version 2.0 for Windows NT 4.0
Originally called Norton Utilities 2.0 for Windows NT during prerelease,[23] it was announced on 27 January 1997.[24]
It includes Norton Disk Doctor, Norton Speed Disk, Norton System Information, Norton System Doctor, Norton Protection/UnErase, Live Update.
Norton Disk Doctor, Speed Disk support FAT16 and NTFS file systems.
It does not include DOS UnErase, so files deleted from FAT partition needs to be handled by Norton Utilities for Windows 95/98.[25]
Version 3.0 for Windows 95
Officially announced on 10 November 1997,[26] Norton Utilities 3.0 was the first version of to be included in Norton SystemWorks, it includes Norton WinDoctor, Norton Web Services, LiveUpdate Pro, Norton CrashGuard 3.0, Norton Zip Rescue, Norton System Doctor, Norton SpeedStart, Norton Optimization Wizard, Speed Disk.
Via the use of LiveUpdate, a Speed Disk patch is available to take advantage of Windows 98's application launch enhancements.[27]
Marketing
Symantec announced it had sponsored a bug-a-thon between USC and UCLA during the final development stages of the latest product release of Norton Utilities 3.0. The software began shipping on 21 November 1997.[28]
Version 4.0
Symantec announced version 4.0 on 16 February 1999.[29]
Although the 'for Windows' name was dropped from the products, it still appears in support sites.[30]
New additions include Windows 98 support, Norton SystemCheck, Registry Doctor Scan, Norton WinDoctor, Connection Doctor, Norton Wipe Info, Norton CrashGuard 4.0, Norton Zip Rescue, Norton Disk Doctor, Norton UnErase, a six-month subscription to Norton Web Services for $6.95.
Marketing
On 13 May 1999, Symantec offered price reduction and rebates on Norton SystemWorks 2.0 and Norton Utilities 4.0.[31]
Early order includes Net Nanny Internet filter software.[32]
Release 2000 (Version 4.5)
With this release, Symantec changed the naming scheme to incorporate the year of release. Marketed as Norton Utilities 2000, this is the final version to run solely on the original Windows 95 platform.
It includes Norton Speed Disk, Norton System Check, Norton Disk Doctor, Norton Zip Rescue, free 3-month subscription to Norton Web Services.
this is the final version to run solely on the later versions of Windows 95 platform.
Release 2002 (Version 6.0)
In anticipation of major changes to the Norton product lineup, no new features were introduced in this release.
NU 2002 introduced Windows XP compatibility while dropping support for Windows 95.
Utilities include Norton Speed Disk, Norton System Doctor, Norton UnErase, Norton Disk Doctor, Norton WinDoctor, System Information and Wipe Info.
this is the final version to run solely on the Windows 9x platform.
Release 2003
For the next six years, Norton Utilities ceasted to exist as standalone product, instead becoming part of Norton SystemWorks starting 2003. SystemWorks is essentially several Symantec software bundled together in one package.
The revival of Norton Utilities as standalone software was announced on 3 February 2009,[35] along with the discontinuation of Norton SystemWorks, which it replaces as Symantec's flagship PC tune-up suite.
This version adds 64-bit support on Windows XP and Vista. It includes Registry Defragmenter, Registry Cleaners, Disk Cleaner, Disk Defragmenter, Startup Manager, Service Manager, Restore Center, System Optimizer, Process Viewer, and Performance Test.
The product license was changed to allow the software to be installed on up to three household PCs.
Critical reception
PC Pro rated Norton Utilities 14 with 1 star (out of 6) for "an overpriced collection of optimization tools that falls far short of its promise.[36] IT Reviews called the package "light on features compared to rivals" and it questioned the "usefulness of some of the monitoring utilities.[37]
PC Advisor criticized Norton Utilities 14 for delivering "little that you can't already do with Windows", although it did acknowledge that it brought two things to the table: "The registry tools, which are useful, and the performance monitor, which is interesting but not always useful."[38]
Premier edition
Symantec has released a version of Norton Utilities which is called Norton Utilities Premier Edition. It has all features of Norton Utilities plus Norton Online Backup. It is also compatible with Windows 7. It was released on 14 October 2009.
Version 15.0
Norton Utilities 15.0 includes features from the discontinued Norton SystemWorks. It includes Norton Speed Disk, Norton Disk Doctor, Norton UnErase, Registry Restore, Registry Defragmenter, Registry Cleaner, Disk Cleaner, Disk Defragmenter, Startup Manager, Service Manager, Restore Center, System Optimizer, Process Viewer, and Performance Test. This version also includes a new GUI.
Version 16.0
Norton Utilities 16.0 includes features from Norton SystemWorks. It includes Application Uninstaller, Norton Speed Disk, Norton Disk Doctor, Norton UnErase, Registry Restore, Registry Defragmenter, Registry Cleaner, Disk Cleaner, Duplicate File Finder, Disk Defragmenter, Startup Manager, Service Manager, Restore Center, System Optimizer, System Dashboard, Process Viewer, Performance Test and Smart Updates.
New features include Duplicate File Finder, System Dashboard, Application Uninstaller, Windows 8 Compatibility.[39]
Norton Utilities for Macintosh
Norton Utilities 3.5 for Macintosh.
Norton Utilities for Macintosh is a separate utility suite for the Mac OS, providing much of the same features as the equivalent Windows version.
Version 1.0
Originally released in 1990, requiring a Mac Plus with 1 MB of system memory.
The includes disk tools support the HFS file system only. Support for the Apple Hard Disk 20 is not explicitly mentioned.
When Apple released System 7, Norton Utilities for the Macintosh needed to be updated in order to run safely. This proved to be a recurring story in the history of the utility; early versions were highly regarded for a while, but proved to be hazardous when used with newer disk structures and operating systems before being updated.
Version 2.0
Originally released in 1992.
It includes Disk Editor, Norton Backup for Macintosh.[40] It also added features in Symantec Utilities for Macintosh II.[41]
Version 3.x
3.0 was originally released in August 1994. It supports PowerPC but Speed Disk 3.0 can cause data loss.
Version 3.1 was released in September 1994, correcting problems with Speed Disk
Version 3.2
Released in October 1995, v3.2 adds support for volumes larger than 4 GB, up to 2 TB to match System 7.5.2 disk size limit.[42]
This edition was bundled with new Small Business Macintosh 6500/250 and 4400/200.[43]
Version 3.2.1 Update from 3.2
Version 3.2.3 Update from 3.2.x
Version 3.2.4 Update from 3.2.x fix for Mac OS 7.6
Version 3.5
Announced on 12 May 1997, v3.5 is the first version of Norton Utilities for Macintosh to ship on CD-ROM.[44] This version supports Macs with Motorola 68020-68040 processors and G3 PowerMacs running Mac OS 7.1-8.6.[45]
It includes Norton CrashGuard, Speed Disk, Norton Disk Doctor, Disk Editor, FileSaver, UnErase, Volume Recover, Wipe Info, System Info, Disk Light, FastFind.
Norton CrashGuard replaces Norton Fastback and Floppier.
Update 3.5.1 released in July 1997, adds Mac OS 8 support.
Update 3.5.2 released in November 1997 on bootable CD-ROM, improves support of HFS+ file system.
Update 3.5.3 released in January 1998 is the last version to support 68K Macs.
Version 4.0
Announced on 14 September 1998.[46] For the first time, Norton Utilities can run natively on PowerPC Mac computers. Version 4.0 is compatible with PowerPC Macs (up to G3) running Mac OS 7.5 and above (up to 8.6) and adds Mac OS Extended Format (HFS+) file system support.
Features include Norton Disk Doctor, File Saver, UnErase, and Volume Recover, Norton CrashGuard.
Version 4.0.1 released October 1998
Version 4.0.2 released December 1998
Version 4.0.3 released February 1999
Version 4.0.4 released June 1999
Version 5.0
Announced on 21 July 1999,[47] v5.0 is compatible with PowerPC G3 and G4 Macs running Mac OS 8.0-9.1.
An update was available to make the software compatible with Mac OS 9.[48]
Version 5.0.2 released November 1999, was released to correct an issue with FileSaver and issues with the invisible FileSaver data files
Version 5.0.3 released June 2000, addresses further early iBook issues and DiskLight
Version 6.0
Announced on 25 October 2000,[49] v6.0 supports PowerPC Macs running Mac OS 8.1 and above.
Major features include Norton FileSaver and Speed Disk.
Version 6.0.2 released June 2001
Version 6.0.3 released October 2001
Version 6.0.4 latest 6.0 version that supports Mac OS (Mac OS 8.1 through 9.2.2)
Version 7.0
Version 7.0 runs on Mac OS 8 and OS 9, and added Mac OS X support. Mac OS X tools run on PowerPC G3 Mac (except Beige G3). However, the Mac OS X tools have not been tested on Mac OS X later than 10.2.6, and is known to be incompatible with Mac OS X 10.3 (Panther).[50]
8.0.2 adds support of G5 model Macintosh released before December 2004, 1.25GHz eMac, and various Mac G4 notebooks.[52] However, some tools may present errors when running Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger).[53]
End of life
In 2004, Symantec confirmed it had stopped developing Norton Utilities for Macintosh and Norton SystemWorks for Macintosh, and concentrated its efforts solely on Internet security products for the Mac.[54]
Symantec Utilities for Macintosh
Symantec Utilities for Macintosh (SUM) is a set of system utilities from Symantec, developed before Symantec had acquired Peter Norton Computing. SUM started out as a revised version of the MacZap data recovery tools[55][56] and includes utilities for data recovery, disk partitioning, disk defragmentation, and floppy disk duplication, among others.[57] Later SUM tools may have shared code with Norton Utilities for Macintosh. Some of the functionality from SUM II was incorporated into Norton Utilities 2.0.[58]
SUM v1.1 was published in 1988 and requires a Mac 512Ke or later system. This version also has limited support for MFS-formatted floppy disks.[59]
SUM II was announced for release in August 1989[60][61] and includes tools for data backup and data encryption.[57] SUM II v2.0 runs on Macs with System 4.2 or higher and 1 MB of memory. One review mentioned that it is easy to make use of most of SUM II's utilities, but at the same time, the file recovery functionality in SUM II is less automated and required more manual configuration compared to the file recovery functionality in Norton Utilities.[62] In September 1991, version 2.1 of SUM II, which would support System 7, was announced.[63]
BYTE in 1989 listed Norton Utilities 4.5 for DOS as among the "Distinction" winners of the BYTE Awards, stating that it was "an essential first-aid kit".[68] That year Jerry Pournelle said regarding 4.5, "I'm already on record as saying that everyone needs the Norton Utilities ... [4.5] is a major upgrade, and worth getting. Recommended".[69]
Darian Graham-Smith of PC Pro gave Norton Utilities 14 an overall rating of 2 of 6 stars. He concluded "There's simply no good reason to pay this much for such a flimsy collection of tools."[70]
PC World reviewed Norton Utilities 15 and concluded that "Norton Utilities may have outlived its usefulness. If your system isn't running as fast as you think it should, uninstalling unnecessary software and pruning background applications using Windows' own tools or downloadable freebies are a more cost-effective first defense."[71]
A PC Magazine review gave Norton Utilities 15 a score 3 of 5 stars. They argued that Norton Utilities is lagging behind competition, adding that "this PC tune-up utility can give an aged PC a new lease on life, but it lacks some of the features and performance found in competing software."[72]
ITProPortal.com gave Norton Utilities a rating of 6 out of 10. They concluded, "Norton Utilities did a satisfactory job of de-gunking and increasing the overall performance of our test laptop, but it doesn't stack up well against rival suite System Mechanic 11".[73]
TopTenReviews.com gave Norton Utilities a 7.7-star rating out of 10 and said, "Norton Utilities has good help and support features and is above average in terms of ease of use."[74]
Controversies
January 2012 source code hack
On 17 January 2012, Symantec admitted to their network getting hacked. A hacker known as "Yama Tough" obtained Symantec's source code by hacking an Indian Government server. Yama Tough has released parts of the source code, and has threatened to release more. According to Chris Paden, a Symantec spokesman, the source code that was taken was from enterprise products that were between five and six years old.[75]
September 2012 source code hack
On 25 September 2012, eight months after the first hack, an affiliate of the hacker group "Anonymous" published the source code for Norton Utilities. Symantec has responded that this was from the same code leaked in January 2012. They have confirmed that the leak included source code for 2006 versions of Norton Utilities, pcAnywhere and Norton AntiVirus.[76]
2018 Allegations of SpinRite source code theft
In June 2018 Steve Gibson alleged in his weekly podcast "Security Now!", that Norton's Disk Doctor was not created by Norton but instead was reverse engineered from his ubiquitous SpinRite software without permission or attribution. This, he says, occurred after he refused to accept Peter Norton's bid to purchase SpinRite from him. He claimed proof in that random numbers he generated for BIOS compatibility checks were left unchanged in Disk Doctor, presumably because Norton's software engineers didn't know their purpose. He also alleged that Norton eventually abandoned Disk Doctor because they didn't understand how it worked, and therefore couldn't support its users.[77]
XTree is a file manager program originally designed for use under DOS. It was published by Executive Systems, Inc. (ESI) and first released on 1 April 1985, and became highly popular. The program uses a character-mode interface, which has many elements typically associated with a graphical user interface.
System 7 is the seventh major release of the classic Mac OS operating system for Macintosh computers, made by Apple Computer. It was launched on May 13, 1991, to succeed System 6 with virtual memory, personal file sharing, QuickTime, TrueType fonts, the Force Quit dialog, and an improved user interface.
Peter Norton is an American programmer, software publisher, author, and philanthropist. He is best known for the computer programs and books that bear his name and portrait. Norton sold his software business to Symantec Corporation in 1990.
In the maintenance of file systems, defragmentation is a process that reduces the degree of fragmentation. It does this by physically organizing the contents of the mass storage device used to store files into the smallest number of contiguous regions. It also attempts to create larger regions of free space using compaction to impede the return of fragmentation. Some defragmentation utilities try to keep smaller files within a single directory together, as they are often accessed in sequence.
GHOST, now called Symantec™ GHOST Solution Suite (GSS) for enterprise, is a disk cloning and backup tool originally developed by Murray Haszard in 1995 for Binary Research. The technology was bought in 1998 by Symantec.
Norton Commander (NC) is a discontinued prototypical orthodox file manager (OFM), written by John Socha and released by Peter Norton Computing. NC provides a text-based user interface for managing files on top of MS-DOS. It was officially produced between 1986 and 1998. The last MS-DOS version of Norton Commander, 5.51, was released on July 1, 1998.
Norton AntiVirus is an anti-virus or anti-malware software product founded by Peter Norton, developed and distributed by Symantec since 1990 as part of its Norton family of computer security products. It uses signatures and heuristics to identify viruses. Other features included in it are e-mail spam filtering and phishing protection.
Peter Norton Computing, Inc., was a software company founded by Peter Norton. The first and best known software package it produced was Norton Utilities. Another successful software package was Norton Commander, especially the DOS version. The company in this form lasted from its founding in 1982 until 1990, when it was acquired by Symantec.
Norton Internet Security, developed by Symantec Corporation, is a discontinued computer program that provides malware protection and removal during a subscription period. It uses signatures and heuristics to identify viruses. Other features include a personal firewall, email spam filtering, and phishing protection. With the release of the 2015 line in summer 2014, Symantec officially retired Norton Internet Security after 14 years as the chief Norton product. It was superseded by Norton Security, a rechristened adaptation of the original Norton 360 security suite. The suite was once again rebranded to Norton 360 in 2019.
Norton GoBack is a disk utility for Microsoft Windows that can record up to 8 GB of disk changes. When the filesystem is idle for a few seconds, it marks these as "safe points". The product allows the disk drive to be restored to any point within the available history. It also allows older versions of files to be restored, and previous versions of the whole disk to be browsed. Depending on disk activity, the typical history might cover a few hours to a few days.
PC Tools is a collection of software utilities for DOS developed by Central Point Software.
Norton SystemWorks is a discontinued utility software suite by Symantec Corp. It integrates three of Symantec's most popular products – Norton Utilities, Norton CrashGuard and Norton AntiVirus – into one program designed to simplify solving common PC issues. Backup software was added later to high-end editions. SystemWorks was innovative in that it combined several applications into an all-in-one software for managing computer health, thus saving significant costs and time often spent on using different unrelated programs. SystemWorks, which was introduced in 1998 has since inspired a host of competitors such as iolo System Mechanic, McAfee Nuts And Bolts, Badosoft First Aid and many others.
DiskDoubler (DD) is a data compression utility for compressing files on the classic Mac OS platform. Unlike most such programs, which compress numerous files into a single archive for transmission, DiskDoubler compresses single files "in place" to save space on the drive. When a compressed file is opened, DiskDoubler decompresses the file before handing it off to the application for use. A later addition, AutoDoubler, adds background compression, finding and compressing files automatically when the computer is idle.
The Amiga computer can be used to emulate several other computer platforms, including legacy platforms such as the Commodore 64, and its contemporary rivals such as the IBM PC and the Macintosh.
Microsoft Drive Optimizer is a utility in Microsoft Windows designed to increase data access speed by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, a technique called defragmentation. Microsoft Drive Optimizer was first officially shipped with Windows XP.
Central Point Software, Inc. was a leading software utilities maker for the PC market, supplying utilities software for the MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows markets. It also produced Apple II copy programs. Through a series of mergers, the company was acquired by Symantec in 1994.
PC Tools', formerly known as WinGuides.com, was a software company acquired by Symantec in 2008; the new owner eventually discontinued the PC Tools name. Company headquarters were in Australia, with offices in Luxembourg, the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, and Ukraine. The company had previously developed and distributed security and optimization software for the Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows platforms.
Vopt is a Windows defragmentation utility sold by Golden Bow Systems. It is one of the oldest defragmentation products, and has supported MS-DOS and all versions of Microsoft Windows. The convenience of quick processing time is offset by less optimal performance, but when used in conjunction with the built-in optimization of the Windows prefetch folder, system performance is maintained without major reorganization of all the files on the drive.
Fifth Generation Systems, Inc., was a computer security company founded October 1984 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States by Robert Mitchell, Leroy Mitchell, Roger Ivey, and Bruce Ray. All four later left the company after it was acquired by Barry Bellue who was accused by the founders of fraud and continued theft from company accounts for illegal personal use. Fifth Generation's initial commercial product was FastBack, an early competitor to The Norton Backup from Symantec.
Mac OS is the series of operating systems developed for the Macintosh family of personal computers by Apple Computer, Inc. from 1984 to 2001, starting with System 1 and ending with Mac OS 9. The Macintosh operating system is credited with having popularized the graphical user interface concept. It was included with every Macintosh that was sold during the era in which it was developed, and many updates to the system software were done in conjunction with the introduction of new Macintosh systems.
↑ Upon executing the UNDELETE command in MS-DOS 6.22, the message: "UNDELETE - A delete protection facility Copyright (C) 1987-1993 Central Point Software, Inc." is displayed.
↑ Upon executing the DEFRAG command in MS-DOS 6.22, the message: "Microsoft Defrag for MS-DOS Copyright 1988-1993 Symantec Corporation" is displayed. "About MS-DOS Defragmenter" also states, "Technology from the Norton Utilities"
↑ Cratty, J. P. (1996-03-01). "A new version of an old friend [Product Review Norton Utilities for Windows 95]". Computer. 29 (3): 106–. doi:10.1109/MC.1996.485901. S2CID45041927.
↑ Pecora, Louis C. (October 1988). "THE SOFTWARE MAC PEOPLE PREFER"(PDF). Washington Apple Pi Journal. 10. Washington Apple Pi, Ltd.: 70. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
↑ Pastore, Richard (1989-08-21). "Appetizers at Macworld". Computerworld. Vol.XXIII, no.34. IDG. p.41.
↑ Symantic Corporation (1989). Sum II - Symantic utilities for Macintosh - crashed disk and file recovery, backup, optimization, and security. Cupertino, CA, USA. OCLC29611295.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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