Offshore drilling on the Atlantic coast of the United States

Last updated

Offshore drilling for oil and gas on the Atlantic coast of the United States took place from 1947 to the early 1980s. Oil companies drilled five wells in Atlantic Florida state waters and 51 exploratory wells on federal leases on the outer continental shelf of the Atlantic coast. None of the wells were completed as producing wells. All the leases have now reverted to the government.

Contents

U.S. Atlantic coast federal offshore areas (Minerals Management Service) USAtlanticContintalShelf-MMS.jpg
U.S. Atlantic coast federal offshore areas (Minerals Management Service)

Although no oil or gas have been produced from beneath U.S. Atlantic waters, there are active offshore fields to the south in offshore Cuba and to the north in offshore Canada.

Each US state along the Atlantic coast owns as territorial waters out to three nautical miles (3.45 statute, or land miles) from the shore at mean low tide, and has jurisdiction to decide whether or not, and under what terms, to lease the territory for oil and gas. The federal government owns and controls the minerals between three and 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the shore.

In accordance with congressional restrictions and presidential orders, no federal leasing has taken place on the offshore Atlantic coast of the United States since the early 1980s. The federal government had scheduled a lease sale for offshore Virginia, to take place in 2011, and in March 2010, President Barack Obama announced his intention to open the Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic planning areas to oil and gas exploration. [1] [2] However, lease sale plans were canceled in May 2010 following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. In December 2010, Interior Secretary Ken Salazar announced a ban on drilling in federal waters off the Atlantic coast through 2017. [3] In 2017 President Trump issued an executive order aimed to open and streamline oil exploration on the Atlantic coast and elsewhere, stating that "It shall be the policy of the United States to encourage energy exploration and production" [4] .

Reserves

No oil or gas has been produced from the U.S. Atlantic continental shelf. Some gas discoveries were made by Tenneco, Texaco, and Exxon in shallow waters off New Jersey, but these were judged uneconomic at the time, and were never produced. [5]

A 2012 study by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) (part of the U.S. Department of the Interior) estimated undiscovered technically recoverable oil and gas resources in Atlantic federal waters to be 3.30 billion barrels of oil (Bbo) and 31.28 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of gas. [6] This represents approximately 4% of the total estimated recoverable oil resources and 8% of the total estimated recoverable gas resources in U.S. federal waters. [7]

Straits of Florida

Five wells were drilled in Florida state waters in the Straits of Florida (in waters off the Florida Keys) from 1946 to 1962. Gulf Oil operated three wells in state waters south of the Florida Keys in 1959, 1960 and 1961, while Chevron (Calco) and Sinclair each operated one. The wells were considered to be dry holes, however, oil shows were found in all the wells and live oil was tested in the State Lease 826Y-1. [8]

The boundary between the Exclusive Economic Zones of the U.S. and Cuba is halfway between Cuba and Florida, as determined by a 1977 Modus vivendi between the U.S. and Cuba. [9]

Offshore Cuba

Cuba has three producing offshore oil fields within 5 km of its north coast opposite Florida. [10] The US Geological Survey estimates that the North Cuba Basin contains 5.5 billion barrels (870,000,000 m3) of undiscovered petroleum liquids and 9.8 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, almost all in the offshore part of the basin. [11]

The issue of allowing oil and gas exploration offshore Florida became a hotly contested topic in the 2008 US elections. In a column published 5 June 2008, syndicated columnist George Will wrote that a Chinese oil company was then drilling in Cuban waters 60 miles (97 km) from the Florida coast, a claim that was repeated by candidates in favor of offshore drilling. [12] George Will later acknowledged that no drilling was then taking place in that part of Cuban waters.

In 2004 the Spanish oil company Repsol-YPF drilled in deep Cuban waters between Cuba and the Florida Keys, and found an oil deposit; the deposit was judged noncommercial, and the hole was plugged. [13] Repsol returned in 2012 to drill three more dry holes in deepwater locations in partnership with the Norwegian company Statoil, then halted further attempts. [14]

In October 2008, Cuba signed an agreement with the Brazilian state oil company Petrobras, which provides for Petrobras to drill for oil and gas in deep waters off the north shore of Cuba. [15] [16] Petrobras obtained poor drilling results, and pulled out in March 2011. [17]

In July 2009, Cuba signed an agreement with the Russian government giving the Russian oil company Zarubezhneft oil exploration rights in shallower waters closer to the north shore of Cuba. [18] Zarubezhneft secured a shallow waster drilling rig and moved it to Cuba in late 2012. Zarubezhneft also failed to find new oil deposits, and announced in May 2013 that they were halting further drilling and releasing the rig. Cuban officials said that they expected Zarubezhneft to return to drilling in 2014. [19]

Offshore Bahamas

In 2009 the Falkland Islands-registered company BPC Limited and Norwegian company Statoil announced a joint venture to drill for oil in Bahamian waters north of Cuba and southeast of Florida. [20] [21] The government of the Bahamas has indicated that applications for offshore drilling are on hold pending negotiations with Cuba, the United States, and the Turks and Caicos Islands on the exact boundaries between their respective Exclusive Economic Zones. [22]

Southern Atlantic coast

Wells drilled off the south Atlantic coast (Minerals Management Service) Atl south well.jpg
Wells drilled off the south Atlantic coast (Minerals Management Service)

The first lease sale in the Southeast Georgia Embayment off the coast of Georgia and Florida was held in 1978. [23] Oil companies drilled seven wells, all dry holes. [24]

When President Biden took office in January 2021, he issued an executive order halting new oil and gas leases across federal lands and waters, but a federal judge in Louisiana immediately struck it down. The government then put up over 80 million acres of the Gulf of Mexico at auction, and companies bid on the right to drill in over 1.7 million offshore acres. In January 2022, however, a federal judge ruled that the Department of the Interior had underestimated the effects on climate and that the drilling could not proceed. [25]

Middle Atlantic coast

Wells drilled off the middle Atlantic coast (Minerals Management Service) Mid-AtlanticOG.jpg
Wells drilled off the middle Atlantic coast (Minerals Management Service)

A number of oil companies bought federal leases offshore North Carolina, but in 1990 the U.S. Secretary of Commerce denied Mobil Oil permission to drill after Congress passed the federal North Carolina Outer Banks Protection Act, prohibiting leasing and drilling on federal seabed offshore from North Carolina. Mobil and Marathon Oil sued the federal government to recover money paid for the leases.

In June 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled for the oil companies in the Mobil Oil Exploration & Producing Southeast, Inc. v. United States , 530 U.S. 604 (2000), and ordered the federal government to repay $158 million. The government paid, and the companies relinquished the leases. [26]

North Atlantic coast

Wells drilled off the north Atlantic coast (Minerals Management Service) North-AtlanticOG.jpg
Wells drilled off the north Atlantic coast (Minerals Management Service)

About 30 wells explored the Baltimore Canyon Trough, about 100 miles (160 km) off the coast of New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. [27] In one area, five wells tested significant flows of gas from Jurassic rocks, at rates as high as 18.9 million cubic feet per day. A 3-dimensional seismic survey was made over the area, but, in part due to falling gas prices in the 1980s, the lessee oil companies concluded that the tracts were uneconomic. The last leases were relinquished in 1984. [28] In 2022, the Baltimore Canyon Offshore area was identified by researchers as a "carbon bomb," with the potential to produce 1.2 gigatons of CO2 emissions if its reserves were extracted and burnt. [29]

From 1976 though 1982, oil companies drilled ten exploratory wells in the U.S. portion of the Georges Bank Basin, about 120 miles (190 km) off the coast of Massachusetts. The deepest well had a total depth of 21,874 feet (6,667 m). [30] None were successful. [31]

Offshore Atlantic Canada

The Canadian federal government and the province of Nova Scotia have jointly imposed a moratorium until 2015 on drilling in the Canadian portion of the Georges Bank. [32]

Drilling has taken place in offshore Atlantic Canada since 1967. Gas was discovered on the Sable Offshore Energy Project (SOEP) offshore Nova Scotia in 1971, began producing natural gas in 2000, and is still producing. A second natural gas field offshore Nova Scotia is expected to start delivering gas in 2010. [33] Gas production required the construction of an undersea, offshore pipeline to link the production wells with gas markets. SOEP is owned by ExxonMobil Canada Limited (50.8%), Shell Canada Limited (31.3%), Imperial Oil Limited (9.0%), Pengrowth (8.4%) and Moshbacher Operating Limited (0.5%). [34] The Sable Project produces between 400 and 500 million cubic feet of natural gas and 20,000 barrels (3,200 m3) of natural gas liquids every day. [35]

Farther northeast, major oil deposits have been discovered and are being produced in the Jeanne d'Arc Basin, offshore Newfoundland. Offshore Newfoundland held 38% of Canada’s conventional petroleum reserves (excluding oil sands) at the end of 2011. [36]

Future lease sales

The Obama administration announced in March 2010 that it intended to open oil and gas leasing in the Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic planning areas. However, in May 2010, following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the administration cancelled the only scheduled Atlantic lease sale, for an area offshore Virginia. On December 1, 2010, the Obama Administration closed Atlantic and eastern Gulf areas to drilling. [37]

Offshore Virginia

Commercial oil and gas drilling has never occurred offshore Virginia. Unlike the offshore drilling in the Gulf of Mexico, which occurs in both state and federal waters, the proposed offshore Virginia drilling would be exclusively in Federal waters more than 50 miles (80 km) from the coast, and the state has not leased its state waters for drilling. A second difference is that although federal law has been amended to share royalties in federal waters in the Gulf between the federal government and the adjacent state, all royalty revenues from any offshore drilling in federal Atlantic waters is not shared with the states. [38] [39] [40]

Federal lease sale proposed for 2011 for offshore Virginia (Minerals Management Service) PropVAOffshoreLeaseSale.jpg
Federal lease sale proposed for 2011 for offshore Virginia (Minerals Management Service)

Under the 5-year offshore leasing plan for 2007–2012, the MMS scheduled a lease sale for tracts 50 miles (80 km) or more off the coast of Virginia, to take place in 2011. [41] Five companies applied to the MMS to conduct seismic exploration surveys off the U.S. Atlantic coast. The MMS requested funding for an Environmental Impact Statement to decide whether of not to allow the proposed seismic surveys. [42]

The possible offshore lease sale became an issue in the 2009 race for governor of Virginia. [43] The winner, Bob McDonnell, urged during his tenure that the sale take place. [44]

In May 2010, President Obama announced his decision to cancel the offshore Virginia lease sale, in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. [45] Obama had previously supported the lease sale.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Straits of Florida</span> Strait between Florida, US and Cuba

The Straits of Florida, Florida Straits, or Florida Strait is a strait located south-southeast of the North American mainland, generally accepted to be between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, and between the Florida Keys (U.S.) and Cuba. It is 93 mi (150 km) wide at the narrowest point between Key West and the Cuban shore, and has been sounded to a depth of 6,000 feet (1,800 m). The strait carries the Florida Current, the beginning of the Gulf Stream, from the Gulf of Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Georges Bank</span> Oceanic bank in the North Atlantic

Georges Bank is a large elevated area of the sea floor between Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia (Canada). It separates the Gulf of Maine from the Atlantic Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minerals Management Service</span> Former United States government agency

The Minerals Management Service (MMS) was an agency of the United States Department of the Interior that managed the nation's natural gas, oil and other mineral resources on the outer continental shelf (OCS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Petrobras</span> Brazilian multinational oil and gas corporation

Petróleo Brasileiro S.A., better known by and trading as the portmanteau Petrobras, is a state-owned Brazilian multinational corporation in the petroleum industry headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The company's name translates to Brazilian Petroleum Corporation — Petrobras.

This is an overview of Equinor's operations in various countries. Equinor is a Norwegian petroleum company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Petroleum exploration in the Arctic</span> Industry in the Arctic

Exploration for petroleum in the Arctic is expensive and challenging both technically and logistically. In the offshore, sea ice can be a major factor. There have been many discoveries of oil and gas in the several Arctic basins that have seen extensive exploration over past decades but distance from existing infrastructure has often deterred development. Development and production operations in the Arctic offshore as a result of exploration have been limited, with the exception of the Barents and Norwegian seas. In Alaska, exploration subsequent to the discovery of the Prudhoe Bay oilfield has focussed on the onshore and shallow coastal waters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Offshore drilling</span> Mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled below the seabed

Offshore drilling is a mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled below the seabed. It is typically carried out in order to explore for and subsequently extract petroleum that lies in rock formations beneath the seabed. Most commonly, the term is used to describe drilling activities on the continental shelf, though the term can also be applied to drilling in lakes, inshore waters and inland seas.

Subsea technology involves fully submerged ocean equipment, operations, or applications, especially when some distance offshore, in deep ocean waters, or on the seabed. The term subsea is frequently used in connection with oceanography, marine or ocean engineering, ocean exploration, remotely operated vehicle (ROVs) autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), submarine communications or power cables, seafloor mineral mining, oil and gas, and offshore wind power.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outer Continental Shelf</span> Maritime U.S. federal zone of jurisdiction beyond the jurisdiction of the individual states

The Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) is legally defined geographic feature of the United States. The OCS is the part of the internationally recognized continental shelf of the United States which does not fall under the jurisdictions of the individual U.S. states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States offshore drilling debate</span> Ongoing debate in the United States

The United States offshore drilling debate is an ongoing debate in the United States about whether, the extent to which, in which areas, and under what conditions, further offshore drilling should be allowed in U.S.-administered waters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oil reserves in Cuba</span>

Estimates of total oil reserves in Cuba are varied, and depend mainly on estimations of undiscovered offshore deposits in the North Cuba Basin. Proved crude oil reserves were 124 million barrels as of 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Offshore oil and gas in the United States</span> Large portion of oil and gas supply

Offshore oil and gas in the United States provides a large portion of the nation’s oil and gas supply. Large oil and gas reservoirs are found under the sea offshore from Louisiana, Texas, California, and Alaska. Environmental concerns have prevented or restricted offshore drilling in some areas, and the issue has been hotly debated at the local and national levels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Offshore oil and gas in California</span> Drilling in state and federal zones

Offshore oil and gas in California provides a significant portion of the state's petroleum production. Offshore oil and gas has been a contentious issue for decades, first over the question of state versus federal ownership, but since 1969 mostly over questions of resource development versus environmental protection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States)</span> Major petroleum-producing area

Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico is a major source of oil and natural gas in the United States. The western and central Gulf of Mexico, which includes offshore Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, is one of the major petroleum-producing areas of the United States. Oil production from US federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico reached an all-time annual high of 1.65 million barrels per day in 2017. Oil production is expected to continue the upward trend in 2018 and 2019, based on ten new oil fields which are planned to start production in those years. According to the Energy Information Administration, "Gulf of Mexico federal offshore oil production accounts for 15% of total U.S. crude oil production and federal offshore natural gas production in the Gulf accounts for 5% of total U.S. dry production."

The Macondo Prospect is an oil and gas prospect in the United States Exclusive Economic Zone of the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of Louisiana. The prospect was the site of the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion in April 2010 that led to a major oil spill in the region from the first exploration well, named itself MC252-1, which had been designed to investigate the existence of the prospect.

Chris Craig Oynes was an American lawyer and federal government administrator.

Following is a Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill for May 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carpinteria Offshore Oil Field</span>

The Carpinteria Offshore Oil Field is an oil and gas field in Santa Barbara Channel, south of the city of Carpinteria in southern California in the United States. Discovered in 1964, and reaching peak production in 1969, it has produced over 106 million barrels of oil in its lifetime, and retains approximately 2 million barrels in reserve recoverable with present technology, according to the California State Department of Natural Resources. Currently the field is produced from three drilling platforms four to five miles offshore, within Federal waters outside of the tidelands zone. Two of the platforms are operated by Pacific Operators Offshore LLC (PACOPS), the operating arm of Carpinteria-based Carone Petroleum; the other platform is operated by Dos Cuadras Offshore Resources (DCOR). The Carpinteria field is the 50th largest field in California by total original oil in place, as of the end of 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pre-salt layer</span> Geological formations

The pre-salt layer is a diachronous series of geological formations on the continental shelves of extensional basins formed after the break-up of Gondwana, characterised by the deposition of thick layers of evaporites, mostly salt. Some of the petroleum that was generated from sediments in the pre-salt layer has not migrated upward to the post-salt layers above due to salt domes. This is especially common off the coast of Africa and Brazil. Total pre-salt oil reserves are thought to be a significant fraction of the world's oil reserves. According to Brazilian oil and gas company Petrobras, the oil and natural gas reserves lie below an approximately 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) thick layer of salt, which in turn is beneath more than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) of post-salt sediments in places, which in turn is under water depths between 2,000 and 3,000 metres in the South Atlantic. Because of this, drilling through the rock and salt to extract the pre-salt oil and gas is very expensive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Offshore Energy and Jobs Act</span>

The Offshore Energy and Jobs Act is a bill that was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. The Offshore Energy and Jobs Act would revise existing law governing the leasing, operation, and development of oil and natural gas resources available in the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). The bill is primarily supported by Republicans and is opposed by President Barack Obama.

References

  1. ↑ John M. Broder, Obama oil drilling plan draws critics, New York Times, 31 March 2010.
  2. ↑ U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Preliminary Revised Program, Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing Program 2007-2012 (March 2010).
  3. ↑ Juliet Eilperin and Steve Mufson, Offshore drilling policy reversed, Washington Post, 2 December 2010.
  4. ↑ "Move to open U.S. Atlantic coast to oil drilling meets increased opposition". Mongabay Environmental News. 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  5. ↑ USGS Wells Database
  6. ↑ US Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (2012) Assessment of Undiscovered Technically Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources of the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf 2011 as of January 1, 2009 BOEM 2012-016, PDF file, retrieved 11 May 2012.
  7. ↑ Assessment of Undiscovered Technically Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources of the Nation’s Outer Continental Shelf, 2011, PDF file, retrieved 11 May 2012.
  8. ↑ Florida Geological Survey Files
  9. ↑ United Nations, Maritime boundary - modus viviendi effected by exchange of letters between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba, 27 April 1977, PDF file.
  10. ↑ University of Texas, Jorge R Pinon Cervera: Cuba's energy challenge: a second look Archived 2009-06-12 at the Wayback Machine , PDF file, retrieved 3 March 2009.
  11. ↑ Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the North Cuba Basin, Cuba, 2004, (2005) US Geological Survey, Fact Sheet.
  12. ↑ George Will (5 June 2008): The gas price we deserve, accessed 13 March 2009.
  13. ↑ Reuters (16 April 2008): Cuban off-shore drilling put off until 2009, accessed 11 March 2009.
  14. ↑ Cuba Standard, Cuba announces start of more offshore drilling, 16 Dec. 2012.
  15. ↑ Time (23 October 2008): How Cuba's oil could change the US embargo Retrieved 17 December 2008.
  16. ↑ "Petrobras signs with Cuba", World Oil, December 2008, p.109.
  17. ↑ Reuters, Petrobras has relinquished Cuba oil block - official, 10 Mar. 2011.
  18. ↑ BBC News, Russia to drill for oil off Cuba, 29 July 2009.
  19. ↑ Cuba Standard, Zarubezhneft abandons drilling in Cuba for now, 31 May 2013.
  20. ↑ Reuters (18 May 2009): BPC Limited and StatoilHydro to reopen Bahamian energy exploration with offshore..., accessed 28 May 2009.
  21. ↑ BPC website, Overview of assets, accessed 15 July 2009.
  22. ↑ Vernon Clement Jones, "Deveaux confirms Cuban oil negotiations" Archived 2009-06-29 at the Wayback Machine , Nassau Guardian, 7 July 2009, accessed 15 July 2009
  23. ↑ R.V. Amato and J.W. Bebout (eds.) Geologic and Operational Summary, COST No. GE-1 Well, US Geological Survey, Open-File Report 78-668, PDF file, retrieved 19 February 2009.
  24. ↑ Jan Libby-French and Roger V. Amato, "Atlantic Coastal Plain", American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, October 1981, v.65, n.10, p.1930-1932.
  25. ↑ D'Angelo, Chris (2022-01-28). "Court Invalidates Biden Administration's 'Carbon Bomb' Oil Lease Sale". HuffPost. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
  26. ↑ H. David Gold, Supreme Court Orders Federal Government toReturn More than $150 Million to Oil Companies, 28 Ecology Law Quarterly.
  27. ↑ Anthony C. Giordano and Roger V. Amato, "Oil and gas developments in Atlantic coastal plain and outer continental shelf in 1981," American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, November 1982, v.66, n.11, p.2006-2010.
  28. ↑ Roger V. Amato and LeRon E. Bielak (1989) Texaco Hudson Canyon 642-1 Well, US Minerals Management Service, OCS Report MMS 89-0027, PDF file, retrieved 20 February 2009.
  29. ↑ Kühne, Kjell; Bartsch, Nils; Tate, Ryan Driskell; Higson, Julia; Habet, André (2022). ""Carbon Bombs" - Mapping key fossil fuel projects". Energy Policy. 166: 112950. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112950 . S2CID   248756651.
  30. ↑ Gary M. Edson and others (2000) Georges Bank Petroleum Exploration, U.S. Minerals Management Service, OCS Report MMS 2000-031, PDF file, retrieved 19 February 2009.
  31. ↑ Anthony C. Giordano and Roger V. Amato, "Oil and gas developments in Atlantic coastal plain and outer continental shelf in 1981," American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, November 1982, v.66, n.11, p.2006-2010.
  32. ↑ Government of Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia's Georges Bank Offshore Oil Deposits, accessed 17 January 2014.
  33. ↑ Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers: Nova Scotia Archived 2009-05-17 at the Wayback Machine , accessed 12 February 2009.
  34. ↑ "Sable Island Offshore Project". Nova Scotia Department of Energy. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
  35. ↑ "Sable Project - Overview". ExxonMobil. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
  36. ↑ National Energy Board, Canadian Energy Overview 2012, July 2013.
  37. ↑ Daly, Matthew (December 2, 2010). "Obama restores eastern Gulf drilling ban". Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-12-03.[ dead link ]
  38. ↑ Harper, Scott (June 6, 2006). "Expert says offshore drilling in Virginia is inevitable". Virginian Pilot. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
  39. ↑ Gold, Russell (December 30, 2009). "Drill, Baby, Drill: Does Virginia's Gov-Elect's Call For Offshore Drilling Add Up?". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
  40. ↑ 43 U.S.C. § 1337.
  41. ↑ Proposed Program Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing Program 2007-2012 (2006) Minerals Management Service, p.6.
  42. ↑ U.S. Minerals Management Service, Atlantic Seismic Environmental Impact Statement Archived 2009-04-05 at the Wayback Machine .
  43. ↑ Candidates weigh in on offshore drilling, Washington Post (24 May 2009).
  44. ↑ Julian Walker, McDonnell wants offshore drilling in 2011, Hampton Roads Virginian-Pilot, 30 December 2009.
  45. ↑ Peter Baker, Responding to Spill, Obama Mixes Regret With Resolve, New York Times (27 May 2010).
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.