The Order of Saint Michael (French: Ordre de Saint-Michel) is a French dynasticorder of chivalry, founded by King Louis XI of France on 1 August 1469,[2][6] in response to the Order of the Golden Fleece founded by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, Louis' chief competitor for the allegiance of the great houses of France, the dukes of Orléans, Berry, and Brittany.[1] As a chivalric order, its goal was to confirm the loyalty of its knights to the king. Originally, there were a limited number of knights, at first thirty-one, then increased to thirty-six including the king. An office of Provost was established in 1476. The Order of St Michael was the highest Order in France until it was superseded by the Order of the Holy Spirit.[3]
King Louis XI sitting on his throne. In the room, a painting of St. Michael killing a serpent. Title page of the Order's statutes, drawn by Jean Fouquet in the 15th century. Bibliothèque Nationale, fr. 19819Plaque marking the former site of the Chapel of Saint-Michel du Palais, home of the Order from 1496 to 1555
The first knights were among the most powerful nobles in France, close relatives of the king and a few from other royal houses in Europe. Originally, the number of members (called companions) was limited to thirty-five.[1] In 1565, during the Wars of Religion, when loyalties were strained and essential, Charles IX increased the membership to fifty, but there may have been as many as seven hundred knights under Henry III in 1574.[3]
The Order of St. Michael dedicated to the Archangel Michael conveyed to every member a gold badge of the image of the saint standing on a rock (Mont Saint-Michel) in combat with the serpent.[3] The motto of the order was "immensi tremor oceani" (meaning "The tremor of the immense ocean"), derived from the idea of Saint Michael looking out over the Atlantic from Mont Saint-Michel.[8] It was suspended from the elaborate Collar of the Order of Saint Michael made of scallop shells (the badge of pilgrims, especially those to Santiago de Compostela) linked with double knots. The statutes state that the badge could be hung on a simple chain, and later it was suspended from a black ribbon.
When the Order of St Michael was founded, the famous illuminator Jean Fouquet was commissioned to paint the title miniature of the Statutes, showing the king presiding over the knights (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fr. 19819).[9] The original plan was for the knights to meet yearly on 29 September at Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy.[10] Such an isolated location was impractical causing Charles VIII to transfer this meeting place to the chapel of Saint-Michel-du-Palais,[1] part of Paris' medieval royal residence the Palais de la Cité which the kings no longer used, to the control of the order in 1496.[3] By letters patent dated 15 August 1555, the seat of the Order was transferred to the royal Château de Vincennes outside Paris.[1]
The Order of St. Michael was abolished by Louis XVI, under pressures from the revolutionaries, on 20 June 1790.[4] It was abolished along with all other chivalric orders of the Ancien Régime, although the exiled Louis XVIII continued to acknowledge it. Following the Bourbon Restoration, the order was officially revived by the late king's brother on 16 November 1816[3] but the new king (or his governments who made suggestions of whom may have been fit to be invested of it) took little interest in the order and no new knights were added after 1816[citation needed]. The Order was again abolished by the French authorities in 1830, following the July Revolution.[11]
Saint-Michel Order (1460–1830) can be considered as the precursor of the Order of the Arts and Letters. Originally destined to the aristocracy, from 17th to 18th centuries it became an order of civil merit, which distinguished many artists, architects, collectors, and people of letters[12][13][14]
Notable recipients
No formal list of members of the order exists.[1] The names of members can be gleaned from reference to their receipt of the order, from secondary sources, or from periodic lists compiled showing companions from particular families or regions.[1][15]
Initial cohort
The first fifteen knights, men of "good sense, valiance, wisdom and other great and laudable virtues" (bon sens, vaillance, prud'hommie et autres grandes et louables vertus) were appointed by Louis XI and tasked to select, jointly with the king himself, the next ones to complete the first group of thirty-six:[16]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Boulton, D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre (1986). The knights of the crown: the monarchical orders of knighthood in later medieval Europe, 1325–1520 (Paperbacked.). Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp.427–47. ISBN978-0-85115-417-6.
1 2 Meader, John R (1904). Beach, Frederick Converse; Rines, George Edwin (eds.). "Orders (Royal) and Decorations of Honor". Encyclopedia Americana. 11. The Americana company. the Order of Saint Michael, founded 1 August 1469 by King Louis XI
1 2 Pinoteau, Benoit de Fauconpret; préface d'Hervé (2007). Les chevaliers de Saint-Michel, 1665–1790: le premier ordre de mérite civil (1ère éd.ed.). Paris: P. du Puy. ISBN978-2-908003-35-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Duckers, Peter (2008). European orders and decorations to 1945. Botley, Oxford, UK: Shire Publications. pp.31–32. ISBN978-0-7478-0670-7.
↑ Vachaudez, Christophe; Walgrave, Jan (2008). Diana Scarisbrick (ed.). Royal jewels: from Charlemagne to the Romanovs. New York: Vendôme Press. p.146. ISBN978-0-86565-193-7. Louis XI founded the Order of Saint Michael in 1469. Initially, there were thirty-six knights, but their numbers increased to such a point that the order began to lose its prestige. Louis XIV reformed the order on 12 January 1665, reducing the number of knights to one hundred
↑ Contamine, Philippe (1978). L'ordre de Saint-Michel au temps de Louis XI et Charles VIII. Paris: La Société nationale des antiquaires de France. pp.217–20.
1 2 D'Hozier, Jean-François-Louis and Paul de Chabot (1895). Carné, Gaston Louis Michel Marie (ed.). "Les Chevaliers de Saint-Michel de La Province du Poitou depuis La Fondation de L'Ordre en 1469 Jusqu'a L'Ordannance de 1669". Revue historique de l'Ouest. 11: 372–78. On le trouve nommé, en 1549, dans un compte du trésorier de l Ordre de Saint Michel, où il est dit qu il fut délivré à messire André de Montalembert sgr d Essé, chev de l Ordre, le grand collier de l'Ordre de Saint Michel du feu comte de Languillare, dont le Roy avait fait don au dit sgr d'Essé, en le faisant et créant chevalier de son Ordre, ainsi qu'il apparaissait par son récépissé du 27 septembre de cette année
↑ Bradford, Sarah (1976). Cesare Borgia: His Life and Times. Great Britain: Phoenix Press. p.101. ISBN1-84212-452-8.
↑ Cartwright, Julia (1905). Isabella d'Este: Marchioness of Mantua 1474–1539 a Study of the Renaissance – Vol. 1. New York: E.P. Dutton. p.295.
↑ Graves, Michael A.R. (2008). Thomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk (1473–1554). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
↑ Cameron, Jamie (1998). James V: The Personal Rule, 1528–1542. The Stewart Dynasty in Scotland. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. p.121. ISBN1-86232-015-2.
↑ Beer, B.L. (1973): Northumberland: The Political Career of John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland The Kent State University Press p. 114 ISBN0-87338-140-8
↑ Anderson, Duncan (1849). History of the Abbey and Palace of Holyrood. Edinburgh, Scotland: Keeper of the Chapel Royal. p.58. Retrieved 15 December 2011. about the beginning of February 1565–6, the Seigneur de Rembouillet, with a deputation from the King of France, arrived at the Palace, to present Darnley with the order of St. Michael, known as the Scallop or Cockle-shell Order, so called from the scallop shells of which the collar was composed. The investiture was performed after the celebration of mass in the Chapel-RoyalAlt URL
↑ Hellinga, Gerben Graddesz. (2007). Geschiedenis van Nederland: De Canon van ons Vaderlands Verleden. Zutphen: Walburg Pers. p.83. ISBN978-9057306006.
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