PCSK6

PCSK6
Identifiers
Aliases	PCSK6 , PACE4, SPC4, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6
External IDs	OMIM: 167405; MGI: 102897; HomoloGene: 20569; GeneCards: PCSK6; OMA:PCSK6 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 15 (human) [1] Band 15q26.3 Start 101,289,784 bp [1] End 101,525,202 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 7 (mouse) [2] Band 7 C|7 35.36 cM Start 65,511,482 bp [2] End 65,700,134 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in C1 segment liver right lobe of liver middle frontal gyrus corpus callosum spleen inferior ganglion of vagus nerve inferior olivary nucleus synovial joint subthalamic nucleus Top expressed in ankle Dermatocranium calvaria stria vascularis lip esophagus left lobe of liver membranous bone body of femur cerebellar vermis More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function heparin binding nerve growth factor binding peptidase activity serine-type peptidase activity serine-type endopeptidase activity hydrolase activity endopeptidase activity protein binding Cellular component membrane extracellular matrix cell surface endoplasmic reticulum Golgi lumen endomembrane system extracellular region extracellular space plasma membrane collagen-containing extracellular matrix Biological process glycoprotein metabolic process secretion by cell protein processing proteolysis regulation of BMP signaling pathway determination of left/right symmetry peptide hormone processing zygotic determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo nerve growth factor production cornification regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity nerve growth factor processing Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 5046 18553 Ensembl ENSG00000140479 ENSMUSG00000030513 UniProt P29122 n/a RefSeq (mRNA) NM_138325 NM_001291309 NM_002570 NM_138319 NM_138320 NM_138321 NM_138322 NM_138323 NM_138324 NM_001291184 NM_011048 RefSeq (protein) NP_001278238 NP_002561 NP_612192 NP_612195 NP_612196 NP_612197 NP_612198 n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 15: 101.29 – 101.53 Mb Chr 7: 65.51 – 65.7 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6 is an protease that in humans is encoded by the PCSK6 gene which is located in chromosome 15. ^{[5] [6]} Pcsk6 is a calcium-dependent serine endoprotease that catalyzes the post-translational modification of precursor proteins from its 'latent' form to the cleaved 'active' form. ^[5] Active Pcsk6 has been reported to process substrates such as transforming growth factor β, ^[7] pro-albumin, ^[8] von Willebrand factor, ^[9] and corin. ^[10] Clinically, Pcsk6 is suggested to play a role in left/right asymmetry, ^[11] structural asymmetry of the brain, ^[12] handedness, ^{[13] [14] [15]} tumor progression, ^[16] hemostasis, ^{[9] [8] [7]} and cardiovascular diseases. ^{[10] [17]}

Function

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the subtilisin-like proprotein convertase family. The members of this family are proprotein convertases that process latent precursor proteins into their biologically active products. This encoded protein is a calcium-dependent serine endoprotease that can cleave precursor protein at their paired basic amino acid processing sites. Some of its substrates are - transforming growth factor beta related proteins, ^[7] pro-albumin, ^[8] von Willebrand factor, ^[9] and corin. ^[10] Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. ^[6]

Clinical significance

During development: Throughout development, the spatial and temporal expression of pcsk6 regulates embryogenesis by activating TGFβ related differentiation factors, which include BMP and Nodal. ^{[7] [18]} Elevated levels of Pcsk6 was detected in maternal decidual cells of the implantation site and the extraembryonic ectoderm. ^[19] The regulation of proper gradient of Nodal and BMPs is crucial for gastrulation, ^[20] proximal-distal axis, ^[21] and establishment of left-right axis patterning. ^[22]

Developmental Pcsk6 knockout studies found that mice embryos that lack Pcsk6 develop heterotaxia, left pulmonary isomerism, and/or craniofacial malformations due to disruption in specification of anterior-posterior and left-right axis that resulted from the dysregulation of Nodal and BMP signaling. ^[11]

In humans, Pcsk6 VNTR polymorphism is associated with the structural asymmetry of the frontal and temporal lobe, ^[12] and  degree of handedness. ^{[13] [14]}

Cardiovascular disease: Pcsk6 is increasing interest as indicator and factor of cardiovascular disease. Pcsk6 KO mice was shown to develop salt-sensitive hypertension due to failure of pro-corin activation crucial to atrial natriuretic peptide regulation of blood pressure. ^[10] A hypertensive patient was found to have a G/A mutation on the PCSK6 gene that resulted in an Asp282Asn (D282N) substitution at the Pcsk6 catalytic domain, which in turn, hinders corin processing. ^[10] In vascular remodeling, Pcsk6 was found to induce smooth muscle cell migration in response to PDGFB by activating MMP14. ^[17] When Pcsk6 was knocked out, the intimal hyperplasia response to in vivo carotid ligation was lowered. ^[17]

Other: This gene is thought to play a role in tumor progression. ^{[6] [16]}

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000140479 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000030513 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. KIEFER, MICHAEL C.; TUCKER, JEFFREY E.; JOH, RICHARD; LANDSBERG, KATHERINE E.; SALTMAN, DAVID; BARR, PHILIP J. (December 1991). "Identification of a Second Human Subtilisin-Like Protease Gene in the fes/fps Region of Chromosome 15". DNA and Cell Biology. 10 (10): 757–769. doi:10.1089/dna.1991.10.757. ISSN   1044-5498. PMID   1741956.
6. "Entrez Gene: PCSK6 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6".
7. Constam, Daniel B. (August 2014). "Regulation of TGFβ and related signals by precursor processing". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 32: 85–97. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.008 . ISSN   1084-9521. PMID   24508081.
8. Mori, K.; Imamaki, A.; Nagata, K.; Yonetomi, Y.; Kiyokage-Yoshimoto, R.; Martin, T. J.; Gillespie, M. T.; Nagahama, M.; Tsuji, A.; Matsuda, Y. (1999-03-01). "Subtilisin-Like Proprotein Convertases, PACE4 and PC8, as Well as Furin, are Endogenous Proalbumin Convertases in HepG2 Cells". Journal of Biochemistry. 125 (3): 627–633. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022329. ISSN   0021-924X. PMID   10050053.
9. Rehemtulla, Alnawaz; Barr, Philip J.; Rhodes, Christopher J.; Kaufman, Randal J. (1993-01-26). "PACE4 is a member of the mammalian propeptidase family that has overlapping but not identical substrate specificity to PACE". Biochemistry. 32 (43): 11586–11590. doi:10.1021/bi00094a015. ISSN   0006-2960. PMID   8218226.
10. Chen, Shenghan; Cao, Pengxiu; Dong, Ningzheng; Peng, Jianhao; Zhang, Chunyi; Wang, Hao; Zhou, Tiantian; Yang, Junhua; Zhang, Yue; Martelli, Elizabeth E; Naga Prasad, Sathyamangla V (2015-08-10). "PCSK6-mediated corin activation is essential for normal blood pressure". Nature Medicine. 21 (9): 1048–1053. doi:10.1038/nm.3920. ISSN   1078-8956. PMC   4710517 . PMID   26259032.
11. Constam, D. B.; Robertson, E. J. (2000-05-01). "SPC4/PACE4 regulates a TGFbeta signaling network during axis formation". Genes & Development. 14 (9): 1146–1155. doi:10.1101/gad.14.9.1146. ISSN   0890-9369. PMC   316583 . PMID   10809672.
12. Berretz, Gesa; Arning, Larissa; Gerding, Wanda M.; Friedrich, Patrick; Fraenz, Christoph; Schlüter, Caroline; Epplen, Jörg T.; Güntürkün, Onur; Beste, Christian; Genç, Erhan; Ocklenburg, Sebastian (2019-05-21). "Structural Asymmetry in the Frontal and Temporal Lobes Is Associated with PCSK6 VNTR Polymorphism". Molecular Neurobiology. 56 (11): 7765–7773. doi:10.1007/s12035-019-01646-1. ISSN   0893-7648. PMID   31115778. S2CID   160009569.
13. Robinson, Kelsey J.; Hurd, Peter L.; Read, Silven; Crespi, Bernard J. (April 2016). "The PCSK6 gene is associated with handedness, the autism spectrum, and magical ideation in a non-clinical population". Neuropsychologia. 84: 205–212. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.02.020. ISSN   0028-3932. PMID   26921480. S2CID   6142024.
14. Arning, Larissa; Ocklenburg, Sebastian; Schulz, Stefanie; Ness, Vanessa; Gerding, Wanda M.; Hengstler, Jan G.; Falkenstein, Michael; Epplen, Jörg T.; Güntürkün, Onur; Beste, Christian (2013-06-27). "PCSK6 VNTR Polymorphism Is Associated with Degree of Handedness but Not Direction of Handedness". PLOS ONE. 8 (6) e67251. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...867251A. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067251 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   3695088 . PMID   23826248.
15. Scerri, Thomas S.; Brandler, William M.; Paracchini, Silvia; Morris, Andrew P.; Ring, Susan M.; Richardson, Alex J.; Talcott, Joel B.; Stein, John; Monaco, Anthony P. (2010-11-04). "PCSK6 is associated with handedness in individuals with dyslexia". Human Molecular Genetics. 20 (3): 608–614. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddq475 . ISSN   1460-2083. PMC   3016905 . PMID   21051773.
16. Bassi, Daniel E.; Mahloogi, Haleh; Klein-Szanto, Andrés J. P. (2000). "The Proprotein Convertases Furin and PACE4 Play a Significant Role in Tumor Progression". Molecular Carcinogenesis. 28 (2): 63–69. doi:10.1002/1098-2744(200006)28:2<63::aid-mc1>3.0.co;2-c. ISSN   0899-1987. PMID   10900462. S2CID   22849623.
17. Rykaczewska, Urszula; Suur, Bianca E.; Röhl, Samuel; Razuvaev, Anton; Lengquist, Mariette; Sabater-Lleal, Maria; van der Laan, Sander W.; Miller, Clint L.; Wirka, Robert C.; Kronqvist, Malin; Gonzalez Diez, Maria (2020-02-28). "PCSK6 Is a Key Protease in the Control of Smooth Muscle Cell Function in Vascular Remodeling". Circulation Research. 126 (5): 571–585. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316063 . hdl: 1887/3185300 . ISSN   0009-7330. PMID   31893970. S2CID   209539709.
18. Constam, Daniel B.; Robertson, Elizabeth J. (1999-01-11). "Regulation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Activity by Pro Domains and Proprotein Convertases". Journal of Cell Biology. 144 (1): 139–149. doi: 10.1083/jcb.144.1.139 . ISSN   0021-9525. PMC   2148113 . PMID   9885250.
19. Constam, D B; Calfon, M; Robertson, E J (1996-07-01). "SPC4, SPC6, and the novel protease SPC7 are coexpressed with bone morphogenetic proteins at distinct sites during embryogenesis". The Journal of Cell Biology. 134 (1): 181–191. doi: 10.1083/jcb.134.1.181 . ISSN   0021-9525. PMC   2120924 . PMID   8698813.
20. Mesnard, D. (2006-05-25). "Nodal specifies embryonic visceral endoderm and sustains pluripotent cells in the epiblast before overt axial patterning". Development. 133 (13): 2497–505. doi: 10.1242/dev.02413 . ISSN   0950-1991. PMID   16728477.
21. Arnold, Sebastian J.; Robertson, Elizabeth J. (2009-01-08). "Making a commitment: cell lineage allocation and axis patterning in the early mouse embryo". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 10 (2): 91–103. doi:10.1038/nrm2618. ISSN   1471-0072. PMID   19129791. S2CID   94174.
22. Brennan, J. (2002-09-15). "Nodal activity in the node governs left-right asymmetry". Genes & Development. 16 (18): 2339–2344. doi: 10.1101/gad.1016202 . ISSN   0890-9369. PMC   187443 . PMID   12231623.

Further reading

• Shore R, Covill L, Pettigrew KA, Diaz R, Xu Y, Tello J, Talcott J, Newbury D, Stein J, Monaco A (2016). "The handedness-associated PCSK6 locus spans an intronic promoter regulating novel transcripts". Hum Mol Genet. 25 (9): 1771–1779. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddw047. PMC   4986331 . PMID   26908617.
• Bassi DE, Mahloogi H, Klein-Szanto AJ (2000). "The proprotein convertases furin and PACE4 play a significant role in tumor progression". Mol. Carcinog. 28 (2): 63–9. doi:10.1002/1098-2744(200006)28:2<63::AID-MC1>3.0.CO;2-C. PMID   10900462. S2CID   22849623.
• Moulard M, Decroly E (2001). "Maturation of HIV envelope glycoprotein precursors by cellular endoproteases". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1469 (3): 121–32. doi:10.1016/S0304-4157(00)00014-9. PMID   11063880.
• Seidah NG, Prat A (2003). "Precursor convertases in the secretory pathway, cytosol and extracellular milieu". Essays Biochem. 38: 79–94. doi:10.1042/bse0380079. PMID   12463163. S2CID   528206.
• Tsuji A, Higashine K, Hine C, Mori K, Tamai Y, Nagamune H, Matsuda Y (1994). "Identification of novel cDNAs encoding human kexin-like protease, PACE4 isoforms". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 204 (3): 1381–2. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2616 . PMID   7980617.
• Tsuji A, Higashine K, Hine C, Mori K, Tamai Y, Nagamune H, Matsuda Y (1994). "Identification of novel cDNAs encoding human kexin-like protease, PACE4 isoforms". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 200 (2): 943–50. Bibcode:1994BBRC..200..943T. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.1541. PMID   8179631.
• Vollenweider F, Benjannet S, Decroly E, Savaria D, Lazure C, Thomas G, Chrétien M, Seidah NG (1996). "Comparative cellular processing of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein gp160 by the mammalian subtilisin/kexin-like convertases". Biochem. J. 314 (Pt 2): 521–32. doi:10.1042/bj3140521. PMC   1217081 . PMID   8670066.
• Zhong M, Benjannet S, Lazure C, Munzer S, Seidah NG (1997). "Functional analysis of human PACE4-A and PACE4-C isoforms: identification of a new PACE4-CS isoform". FEBS Lett. 396 (1): 31–6. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)01059-9 . PMID   8906861. S2CID   19890431.
• Decroly E, Wouters S, Di Bello C, Lazure C, Ruysschaert JM, Seidah NG (1997). "Identification of the paired basic convertases implicated in HIV gp160 processing based on in vitro assays and expression in CD4(+) cell lines". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (48): 30442–50. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.48.30442 . PMID   8940009.
• Inocencio NM, Sucic JF, Moehring JM, Spence MJ, Moehring TJ (1997). "Endoprotease activities other than furin and PACE4 with a role in processing of HIV-I gp160 glycoproteins in CHO-K1 cells". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (2): 1344–8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.2.1344 . PMID   8995442.
• Mori K, Kii S, Tsuji A, Nagahama M, Imamaki A, Hayashi K, Akamatsu T, Nagamune H, Matsuda Y (1997). "A novel human PACE4 isoform, PACE4E is an active processing protease containing a hydrophobic cluster at the carboxy terminus". J. Biochem. 121 (5): 941–8. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021677. PMID   9192737.
• Tsuji A, Hine C, Tamai Y, Yonemoto K, Mori K, Yoshida S, Bando M, Sakai E, Mori K, Akamatsu T, Matsuda Y (1997). "Genomic organization and alternative splicing of human PACE4 (SPC4), kexin-like processing endoprotease". J. Biochem. 122 (2): 438–52. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021772. PMID   9378725.
• Moulard M, Chaloin L, Canarelli S, Mabrouk K, Darbon H, Challoin L (1998). "Retroviral envelope glycoprotein processing: structural investigation of the cleavage site". Biochemistry. 37 (13): 4510–7. doi:10.1021/bi972662f. PMID   9521771.
• Nagahama M, Taniguchi T, Hashimoto E, Imamaki A, Mori K, Tsuji A, Matsuda Y (1998). "Biosynthetic processing and quaternary interactions of proprotein convertase SPC4 (PACE4)". FEBS Lett. 434 (1–2): 155–9. Bibcode:1998FEBSL.434..155N. doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00970-3 . PMID   9738469. S2CID   25126519.
• Viale A, Ortola C, Hervieu G, Furuta M, Barbero P, Steiner DF, Seidah NG, Nahon JL (1999). "Cellular localization and role of prohormone convertases in the processing of pro-melanin concentrating hormone in mammals". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (10): 6536–45. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.10.6536 . PMID   10037747.
• Mori K, Imamaki A, Nagata K, Yonetomi Y, Kiyokage-Yoshimoto R, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT, Nagahama M, Tsuji A, Matsuda Y (1999). "Subtilisin-like proprotein convertases, PACE4 and PC8, as well as furin, are endogenous proalbumin convertases in HepG2 cells". J. Biochem. 125 (3): 627–33. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022329. PMID   10050053.
• Sucic JF, Moehring JM, Inocencio NM, Luchini JW, Moehring TJ (1999). "Endoprotease PACE4 is Ca2+-dependent and temperature-sensitive and can partly rescue the phenotype of a furin-deficient cell strain". Biochem. J. 339 (3): 639–47. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3390639. PMC   1220200 . PMID   10215603.
• Tsuji A, Yoshida S, Hasegawa S, Bando M, Yoshida I, Koide S, Mori K, Matsuda Y (2000). "Human subtilisin-like proprotein convertase, PACE4 (SPC4) gene expression is highly regulated through E-box elements in HepG2 and GH4C1 cells". J. Biochem. 126 (3): 494–502. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022478. PMID   10467164.