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The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links proteinogenic amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries.
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression.
The pterobranchia mitochondrial code is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of Rhabdopleura compacta (Pterobranchia). The Pterobranchia are one of the two groups in the Hemichordata which together with the Echinodermata and Chordata form the three major lineages of deuterostomes. AUA translates to isoleucine in Rhabdopleura as it does in the Echinodermata and Enteropneusta while AUA encodes methionine in the Chordata. The assignment of AGG to lysine is not found elsewhere in deuterostome mitochondria but it occurs in some taxa of Arthropoda. This code shares with many other mitochondrial codes the reassignment of the UGA STOP to tryptophan, and AGG and AGA to an amino acid other than arginine. The initiation codons in Rhabdopleura compacta are ATG and GTG.
The yeast mitochondrial code is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of yeasts, notably Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida glabrata, Hansenula saturnus, and Kluyveromyces thermotolerans.
The invertebrate mitochondrial code is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of invertebrates.
The ciliate, dasycladacean and Hexamita nuclear code is a genetic code used by certain ciliate, dasycladacean and Hexamita species.
The euplotid nuclear code is the genetic code used by Euplotidae. The euplotid code is a socalled "symmetrical code", which results from the symmetrical distribution of the codons. This symmetry allows for arythmic exploration of the codon distribution. In 2013, shCherbak and Makukov, reported that "the patterns are shown to match the criteria of an intelligent signal."
The alternative yeast nuclear code is a genetic code found in certain yeasts. However, other yeast, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida azyma, Candida diversa, Candida magnoliae, Candida rugopelliculosa, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Zygoascus hellenicus, definitely use the standard (nuclear) code.
The candidate division SR1 and gracilibacteria code is used in two groups of uncultivated bacteria found in marine and fresh-water environments and in the intestines and oral cavities of mammals among others. The difference to the standard and the bacterial code is that UGA represents an additional glycine codon and does not code for termination.
The ascidian mitochondrial code is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Ascidia.
The alternative flatworm mitochondrial code is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Platyhelminthes and Nematodes.
The Blepharisma nuclear code is a genetic code found in the nuclei of Blepharisma.
The chlorophycean mitochondrial code is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Chlorophyceae.
The trematode mitochondrial code is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Trematoda.
The Thraustochytrium mitochondrial code is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of the labyrinthulid protist Thraustochytrium aureum. The mitochondrial genome was sequenced by the Organelle Genome Megasequencing Program.
The karyorelictid nuclear code is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the Karyorelictea ciliate Parduczia sp.
The Condylostoma nuclear code is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the heterotrich ciliate Condylostoma magnum.
The Mesodinium nuclear code is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the ciliates Mesodinium and Myrionecta.
The peritrich nuclear code is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the peritrich ciliates Vorticella and Opisthonecta.
The Blastocrithidia nuclear code is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the trypanosomatid genus Blastocrithidia.
References
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. [2]
- ↑ Mühlhausen, Stefanie; Findeisen, Peggy; Plessmann, Uwe; Urlaub, Henning; Kollmar, Martin (2016). "A novel nuclear genetic code alteration in yeasts and the evolution of codon reassignment in eukaryotes". Genome Research. 26 (7): 945–955. doi:10.1101/gr.200931.115. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 4937558 . PMID 27197221.
- ↑ Elzanowski A, Ostell J, Leipe D, Soussov V. "The Genetic Codes". Taxonomy browser. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 11 August 2016.