Party of Independents of the East

Last updated April 30, 2019

The Party of Independents of the East (French : Parti des Indépendants de l'Est) was a political party in Luxembourg.

French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French (Francien) has largely supplanted. French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the (Germanic) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to France's past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French.

Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a small landlocked country in western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. Its capital, Luxembourg City, is one of the three official capitals of the European Union and the seat of the European Court of Justice, the highest judicial authority in the EU. Its culture, people, and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours, making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures, as evident by the nation's three official languages: French, German, and the national language, Luxembourgish. The repeated invasions by Germany, especially in World War II, resulted in the country's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and, among other things, led to the foundation of the European Union.

History

Headed by Othon Decker, the Cartel list contested the 1919 general elections, receiving 3% of the vote and winning one seat. By the 1925 elections it had become the Independent Left (Luxembourgish : Onofhängeg Lénkspartei) under Decker's leadership. The 1925 elections saw the party's vote share increase to 5% as it won two seats. It retained both seats in the partial elections in 1928, and did not contest the partial elections of 1931.

By the 1934 elections it had been renamed Party of Independents of the East.^[1] Increasing its vote share to 12%, the party won three seats in the Chamber of Deputies. It did not contest the 1937 partial elections in the north of the country.

The Chamber of Deputies, abbreviated to the Chamber, is the unicameral national legislature of Luxembourg. Krautmaart is sometimes used as a metonym for the Chamber, after the square on which the Hôtel de la Chambre is located.

Following World War II, the party received just 1.6% of the vote in the 1945 elections, winning a single seat. It did not contest any further elections,^[2] instead running as Socialist Independents of the East alongside the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party.^[1]

World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. A state of total war emerged, directly involving more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. The major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.

The Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party, abbreviated to LSAP or POSL, is a social-democratic political party in Luxembourg. The LSAP is the second-largest party in the Chamber of Deputies, having won 13 of 60 seats at the 2013 general election, and has one seat in the European Parliament. The LSAP is currently part of the Bettel–Schneider government, with Etienne Schneider of the LSAP serving as Deputy Prime Minister. Since March 2014, the party's President has been Claude Haagen.

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References

1 2 Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1249 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
↑ Nohlen & Stöver, p1250

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[NS-1] 1 2 Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1249 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7

[2] Nohlen & Stöver, p1250