Philipp Pittoni von Dannenfeld

Last updated
Philipp Pittoni von Dannenfeld
Died6 October 1824
Gorizia, Italy
Allegiance Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor without haloes (1400-1806).svg Habsburg monarchy
Rank General-major
Battles/wars

Philipp Pittoni Freiherr von Dannenfeld (died 6 October 1824), fought in the army of Habsburg Austria during the French Revolutionary Wars. Promoted to general officer in 1795, he was a brigade commander in northwestern Italy at the time when Napoleon Bonaparte was appointed to lead the opposing French Army of Italy. Pittoni led one of the two main columns at Voltri in April 1796. At Borghetto in May, he unsuccessfully defended the bridge. He led a brigade at Castiglione in August and at Second Bassano and Arcole in November 1796. He retired from service the following year and died at Gorizia in 1824.

Contents

Early career

Pittoni was appointed Oberst (colonel) of Infantry Regiment Alvinczi Nr. 19 in 1789. The previous Oberst was Johann Kollowrat. [1] He was promoted Generalmajor on 1 May 1795 to date from 21 March 1794. [2] His successor as Oberst was Carl von Adorjan. [1] During the Battle of Monte Settepani from 24 June to 7 July 1795, Pittoni led a brigade in Johann von Wenckheim's division that consisted of Infantry Regiments Alvinczi Nr. 19 (2 battalions), Brechainville Nr. 25 (1 battalion), and Lattermann Nr. 45 (2 battalions). [3] During the retreat after the Battle of Loano on 23–24 November 1795, Pittoni was ordered to lead an artillery and wagon train convoy across the Colle di San Giacomo. The road was not properly guarded, and the convoy was blocked by a French force led by Barthélemy Joubert. Calling a council of war, Pittoni asked his officers if they should fight their way through, but they voted to wait for further instructions. By the time, orders to withdraw arrived, a second French force blocked the road behind them. The Austrians escaped by moving cross-country, after abandoning 48 guns and 100 carts. [4]

Montenotte Campaign

In early 1796, Johann Peter Beaulieu was the newly appointed commander of the combined armies of Habsburg Austria and the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont. Beaulieu's left wing consisted of 19,500 troops. Half of these were on garrison duty, while the rest were led by Pittoni and Josef Philipp Vukassovich. The 11,500-man Austrian right wing was posted to cover Acqui Terme and was commanded by Eugène-Guillaume Argenteau. The 20,000 Piedmontese troops were led by Michelangelo Alessandro Colli-Marchi and included an Austrian contingent under Giovanni Marchese di Provera. Colli's men were strung out in a chain from Cosseria Castle in the east to Cuneo in the west. Further west, the 20,000 Piedmontese under the Prince of Corrigan were faced by François Christophe de Kellermann's Army of the Alps. [5]

According to one authority, on 1 April 1796, Pittoni's 7-battalion brigade was stationed near Alessandria and belonged to Karl Philipp Sebottendorf's wing of Beaulieu's Austrian army. [6] Another authority asserted that he led a division-sized command that include the Reisky Infantry Regiment Nr. 13 (3 battalions), Nádasdy Infantry Regiment Nr. 39 (2 battalions), Terzi Infantry Regiment Nr. 16 (1 battalion), Lattermann Infantry Regiment Nr. 45 (1 battalion), and Szluiner Grenz Infantry Regiment Nr. 63 (1 battalion). [7] [note 1]

Map shows the Battle of Voltri on 10 April 1796. Pittoni's division began its march at Campomorone and engaged the French near Pegli. Battle of Voltri.JPG
Map shows the Battle of Voltri on 10 April 1796. Pittoni's division began its march at Campomorone and engaged the French near Pegli.

Because the neutral Republic of Genoa had refused to loan the French money, the representative-on-mission Antoine Christophe Saliceti asked the French army commander Barthélemy Louis Joseph Scherer for 6,000 men to advance in order to intimidate the civic authorities. [8] On 27 March, Pittoni reported to Beaulieu about the movement of these troops to Voltri. Bonaparte, who had just taken command, ordered the movement halted the next day. At first he wanted to withdraw the exposed unit, but later decided to hold the position at Voltri. [9] To counter this threat, on 31 March, Beaulieu ordered Pittoni in invade the Republic of Genoa and cross the Bocchetta Pass. Pittoni occupied Novi Ligure with 2,800 men and started his men on the road up the pass. The Lattermann Regiment was left to guard Novi. Beaulieu apparently was on hand because he noted that the weather was uncomfortably cold and that Pittoni was not well, though he did his soldierly duty. The army commander sent one 12-pound cannon, one 6-pound cannon, and two 7-pound howitzers to join Pittoni's force. [10] By 8 April, Pittoni was in position at the Bocchetta Pass but informed Beaulieu that he was so isolated that it would take him six hours of marching over bad roads to link with Vukassovich near Masone. [11]

On 10 April 1796, Pittoni's column advanced with four squadrons of the Mészáros Uhlans, two battalions of the Reisky Regiment, and one battalion each of the Terzi, Nádasdy, and Szluiner Regiments. Pittoni's force numbered 3,350 infantry and 624 cavalry. [12] [note 2] The troops got a remarkably late start. At 8:00 AM, 250 volunteers set out to cover the right flank by marching via the mountaintop Madonna della Guardia. The main column left Campomorone at 11:00 AM and marched down to the coast before turning right through Sestri di Ponente. Pittoni's Szluiner battalion and the volunteers attacked the French 75th Line Infantry Demi-Brigade near Pegli at 3:00 PM in the Battle of Voltri. After a three-hour fight, the 75th Line withdrew. That evening Pittoni occupied Voltri with three battalions and the cavalry. He was joined at midnight by Beaulieu, who came via Masone and the Turchino Pass with Sebottendorf and Vukassovich. The Austrians lost about 50 casualties while the French reported losing 16 dead, 45 wounded, and 148 captured. [13]

The remaining actions of the Montenotte Campaign went badly for the Austrians. They lost the Battle of Montenotte on 11 and 12 April and the Second Battle of Dego on 14 and 15 April. Soon after, the Piedmontese were defeated at the Battle of Mondovì on 22 April, their government sued for peace. [14]

Borghetto to Arcole

This view shows the western approaches to the Borghetto bridge which is at the far left of the photo. The Mincio can be seen amid the trees in the foreground. Borghetto002.JPG
This view shows the western approaches to the Borghetto bridge which is at the far left of the photo. The Mincio can be seen amid the trees in the foreground.

Pittoni's brigade held a position near Gropello Cairoli in early May. [15] He missed the Battle of Lodi on 10 May 1796 since he was marching with Beaulieu via the village of Acquanegra Cremonese toward Cremona. [16] When the Austrians formed a defense line behind the Mincio River, Sebottendorf placed Pittoni's brigade and Prince di Cuto's Neapolitan cavalry near Valeggio sul Mincio. [17] At 7:00 AM on the morning of 30 May 1796, the division of Charles Edward Jennings de Kilmaine attacked the Austrian cavalry outposts on the west side of the Mincio to open the Battle of Borghetto. By 9:00 AM the French reached the Borghetto bridge on the west side of Valeggio and put great pressure on the one battalion each from the Strassoldo Infantry Regiment Nr. 27 and Jordis Infantry Regiment Nr. 59. Pittoni arrived to direct the fighting, but no reserves arrived. By noon, the Austrians ran low on ammunition and withdrew to Valeggio. The French followed and pushed them out of the town as well. [18] To face Kilmaine's 1,500 cavalry and six battalions of grenadiers, Pittoni only had half of the 920 men from the two battalion Strassoldo Regiment and 761 soldiers from the Jordis Regiment. [19]

When the new Austrian army commander Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser advanced to the relief of the Siege of Mantua in late July, he formed his forces into four columns. See the Castiglione 1796 Campaign Order of Battle. The Right-Center Column was led by Michael von Melas and comprised the brigades of Peter Gummer, Adam Bajalics von Bajahaza, Franz Nicoletti, and Pittoni. The latter two reported to Sebottendorf. [20] [note 3] While Melas led Gummer and Bajalics over Monte Baldo by footpaths, Sebottendorf's two brigades fought their way down the road through Ferrara di Monte Baldo and Brentino Belluno. They accomplished their mission by driving back the French so that the Left-Center Column under Paul Davidovich could join them via the Adige River valley. The 900-man 11th Light Infantry Demi-Brigade and four guns were isolated and captured during the successful operation. [21] Pittoni and Sebottendorf are not specifically mentioned in a detailed account of the Battle of Castiglione on 5 August 1796. In a preliminary action on 3 August, 1,000 Austrians became casualties and Pittoni's fellow brigadier Nicoletti was wounded. [22] On the 5th, the Austrians were beaten with losses of 2,000 killed and wounded plus 1,000 men and 20 guns captured. The French counted 1,100 casualties. [23]

Fanciful Horace Vernet painting shows Bonaparte leading his troops across the Arcole bridge. La Bataille du Pont d'Arcole.jpg
Fanciful Horace Vernet painting shows Bonaparte leading his troops across the Arcole bridge.

In 1796, József Alvinczi led the Austrian army in the third relief of Mantua. Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich's 28,699-man Friaul Corps was divided into six brigades under Pittoni, Anton Lipthay de Kisfalud, Anton Schübirz von Chobinin, Gerhard Rosselmini, Adolf Brabeck, and Prince Friedrich Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern-Hechingen. [24] Another authority stated that Pittoni commanded the 4,376-man army Reserve with four battalions, one squadron. See the Arcola 1796 Campaign Order of Battle. The Friaul Corps was accompanied by Alvinczi in person. [25] Provera took Lipthay and Brabeck on a southerly road toward Fontaniva while Hohenzollern and a newly arrived brigade under Anton Ferdinand Mittrowsky took a northerly road toward Bassano del Grappa. [26]

The Second Battle of Bassano was fought on 6 November 1796. Lipthay, supported by Brabeck and Schübirz, repelled French attacks near Fontaniva, while Hohenzollern and the "main part of the division" held their ground near the village of Nove on the west side of Bassano. [27] The Austrian victory cost Provera's wing 208 killed, 873 wounded, and 109 captured. Quosdanovich's wing suffered 326 killed, 858 wounded, 449 men and two guns captured. This bloody contest cost the French 3,000 killed and wounded plus 508 men and one gun captured. [28]

Pittoni was not specifically noted during a thorough account of the Battle of Arcole on 15 to 17 November. Beginning on the second day, Alvinczi entrusted Mittrowsky with 14 battalions for the defense of Arcole, while Provera was given six battalions to hold Belfiore. [29] At 4:00 PM on the third day, a powerful column of Hungarian grenadiers was committed to the combat at Arcole, which suggests that Pittoni's Reserve was being fed into the battle. Soon afterward, the grenadiers fell into an ambush and retreated. By 5:00 PM the French were masters of Arcole and Mittrowsky finally withdrew. [30] The Austrians lost 600 killed (including Brabeck), 1,600 wounded, and 4,000 men and 11 guns captured in the 3-day fight. French losses numbered 1,200 killed and 2,300 wounded. [31]

Pittoni retired from the army on 28 February 1797. [2] He died in Gorizia on 6 October 1824. [32]

Notes

Footnotes
  1. Pivka provided the regiment numbers only (Pivka, pp. 82–84).
  2. Smith stated that the Uhlans belonged to the Mészáros Regiment (Smith, p. 111)
  3. Fiebeger spelled it Kummer instead of Gummer (Fiebeger, p. 38).
Citations
  1. 1 2 Wrede 1898, p. 250.
  2. 1 2 Schmidt-Brentano 2006, p. 77.
  3. Nafziger 2024.
  4. Cust 1859, pp. 305–306.
  5. Chandler 1966, p. 62.
  6. Fiebeger 1911, p. 18.
  7. Boycott-Brown 2001, p. 168.
  8. Boycott-Brown 2001, pp. 128–129.
  9. Boycott-Brown 2001, pp. 145–146.
  10. Boycott-Brown 2001, pp. 170–171.
  11. Boycott-Brown 2001, p. 185.
  12. Boycott-Brown 2001, p. 194.
  13. Boycott-Brown 2001, pp. 196–199.
  14. Smith 1998, pp. 111–113.
  15. Boycott-Brown 2001, p. 296.
  16. Boycott-Brown 2001, p. 316.
  17. Boycott-Brown 2001, p. 348.
  18. Boycott-Brown 2001, pp. 352–353.
  19. Boycott-Brown 2001, pp. 349–351.
  20. Fiebeger 1911, p. 38.
  21. Boycott-Brown 2001, pp. 378–381.
  22. Boycott-Brown 2001, pp. 396–397.
  23. Smith 1998, p. 119.
  24. Fiebeger 1911, p. 62.
  25. Boycott-Brown 2001, p. 444.
  26. Boycott-Brown 2001, p. 449.
  27. Boycott-Brown 2001, pp. 450–452.
  28. Smith 1998, p. 126.
  29. Boycott-Brown 2001, p. 467.
  30. Boycott-Brown 2001, pp. 474–475.
  31. Smith 1998, p. 127.
  32. Smith & Kudrna 2008.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Arcole</span> November 1796 battle during the War of the First Coalition

The Battle of Arcole or Battle of Arcola was fought between French and Austrian forces 25 kilometres (16 mi) southeast of Verona during the War of the First Coalition, a part of the French Revolutionary Wars. The battle saw a bold maneuver by Napoleon Bonaparte's French Army of Italy to outflank the Austrian army led by József Alvinczi and cut off its line of retreat. The French victory proved to be a highly significant event during the third Austrian attempt to lift the siege of Mantua. Alvinczi planned to execute a two-pronged offensive against Bonaparte's army. The Austrian commander ordered Paul Davidovich to advance south along the Adige River valley with one corps while Alvinczi led the main army in an advance from the east. The Austrians hoped to raise the siege of Mantua where Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser was trapped with a large garrison. If the two Austrian columns linked up and if Wurmser's troops were released, French prospects were grim.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Battle of Dego</span> Action of the War of the First Coalition

The Second Battle of Dego was fought on 14 and 15 April 1796 during the French Revolutionary Wars between French forces and Austro-Sardinian forces. The battle was fought near Dego, a hamlet in northwestern Italy, and ended in a French victory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Montenotte</span>

The Battle of Montenotte was fought on 12 April 1796, during the French Revolutionary Wars, between the French army under General Napoleon Bonaparte and an Austrian corps under Count Eugène-Guillaume Argenteau. The French won the battle, which was fought near the village of Cairo Montenotte in the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. The modern town is located in the northwestern part of Italy. On 11 April, Argenteau led 3,700 men in several assaults against a French mountaintop redoubt but failed to take it. By the morning of the 12th, Bonaparte concentrated large forces against Argenteau's now-outnumbered troops. The strongest French push came from the direction of the mountaintop redoubt, but a second force fell on the weak Austrian right flank and overwhelmed it. In its hasty retreat from the field, Argenteau's force lost heavily and was badly disorganized. This attack against the boundary between the Austrian and Sardinian armies threatened to sever the link between the two allies. This action was part of the Montenotte Campaign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Johann Peter Beaulieu</span> Walloon military officer (1725–1819)

Johann Peter de Beaulieu, also Jean Pierre de Beaulieu, was a Walloon military officer. He joined the Habsburg army and fought against the Prussians during the Seven Years' War. A cultured man, he later battled Belgian rebels and earned promotion to general officer. During the French Revolutionary Wars he fought against the First French Republic and attained high command. In 1796, a young Napoleon Bonaparte won some of his first victories against an army led by Beaulieu. He retired and was the Proprietor (Inhaber) of an Austrian infantry regiment until his death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giovanni Marchese di Provera</span>

Giovanni Marchese di Provera or Johann Provera served in the Habsburg Austrian army in Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars, rising to command a 9,000-man independent corps during the War of the First Coalition. Previously, he fought in the Seven Years' War, the War of the Bavarian Succession, and the Austro-Turkish War. In 1796–1797, Provera played a significant role in three Italian campaigns against the Republican French army of Napoleon Bonaparte.

In the Battle of Caldiero on 12 November 1796, the Habsburg army led by József Alvinczi fought a First French Republic army commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte. The French assaulted the Austrian positions, which were initially held by the army advance guard under Prince Friedrich Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern-Hechingen. The defenders held firm until reinforcements arrived in the afternoon to push back the French. This marked a rare tactical setback for Bonaparte, whose forces withdrew into Verona that evening after having suffered greater losses than their adversaries. The action occurred during the War of the First Coalition, which was part of the French Revolutionary Wars. Caldiero is a town located about 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Verona.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Mantua (1796–1797)</span> 1796–1797 siege during the War of the First Coalition

During the siege of Mantua, which lasted from 4 June 1796 to 2 February 1797 with a short break, French forces under the overall command of Napoleon Bonaparte besieged and blockaded a large Austrian garrison at Mantua for many months until it surrendered. This eventual surrender, together with the heavy losses incurred during four unsuccessful relief attempts, led indirectly to the Austrians suing for peace in 1797. The siege occurred during the War of the First Coalition, which is part of the French Revolutionary Wars. Mantua, a city in the Lombardy region of Italy, lies on the Mincio River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eugène-Guillaume Argenteau</span> Austrian general

Eugène-Guillaume-Alexis, comte de Mercy d'Argenteau or Eugen Gillis Wilhelm Graf Mercy d'Argenteau or Eugen Gillis Alexis Argenteau joined the Austrian army in 1760 and fought in the Seven Years' War. In 1784 he became the commander of an Austrian infantry regiment. He led the unit during the Austro-Turkish War at the 1789 Siege of Belgrade and was promoted to general officer. After the outbreak of the War of the First Coalition, he was loaned to the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont. He fought at Saorgio in 1794 and Monte Settepani and Loano in 1795. His division faced Napoleon Bonaparte and was badly defeated in the Montenotte campaign in April 1796. During the War of the Third Coalition he led several divisions at Caldiero in 1805. He retired from the army in 1808 but became inhaber (proprietor) of an Austrian infantry regiment from 1809 until his death.

In the Battle of Arcole on 15 to 17 November 1796, the French Army of Italy commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte won a victory over the army of Austria led by Jozsef Alvinczi. The battle was part of the third relief of the Siege of Mantua in which Alvinczi's army repulsed Bonaparte at the Second Battle of Bassano on 6 November and at the Battle of Caldiero on 12 November. Meanwhile, Paul Davidovich's Austrian Tyrol Corps clashed with Claude Vaubois' French division at Cembra on 2 November. Davidovich defeated Vaubois at the Battle of Calliano on 6–7 November and Rivoli Veronese on 17 November. After Bonaparte's triumph at Arcola, he turned on the Tyrol Corps, beat it at Rivoli on 21 November, and forced it to retreat north into the mountains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Order of battle in the Montenotte campaign</span>

In the Montenotte campaign between 10 and 28 April 1796, General Napoleon Bonaparte's French Army of Italy broke the link between Feldzeugmeister Johann Peter Beaulieu's Austrian army and Feldmarschallleutnant Michelangelo Alessandro Colli-Marchi's Sardinian army. In subsequent engagements, the French defeated the Austrians, pursued Colli to the west, and forced the Sardinians to withdraw from the First Coalition against France. Actions were fought at Voltri on 10 April, Monte Negino (Legino) on 11 April, Montenotte on 12 April, Millesimo on 13 April, Second Battle of Dego on 14–15 April, Ceva on 16 April, San Michele Mondovi on 19 April, and Mondovì on 21 April.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Montenotte campaign</span> Action of the War of the First Coalition

The Montenotte campaign began on 10 April 1796 with an action at Voltri and ended with the Armistice of Cherasco on 28 April. In his first army command, Napoleon Bonaparte's French army separated the army of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont under Michelangelo Alessandro Colli-Marchi from the allied Habsburg army led by Johann Peter Beaulieu. The French defeated both Habsburg and Sardinian armies and forced Sardinia to quit the First Coalition. The campaign formed part of the Wars of the French Revolution. Montenotte Superiore is located at the junction of Strada Provinciale 12 and 41 in the Liguria region of northwest Italy, 15 kilometres (9 mi) northeast of Carcare municipality. However, the fighting occurred in an area from Genoa on the east to Cuneo on the west.

The Second Battle of Bassano on 6 November 1796, saw a Habsburg army commanded by József Alvinczi fight Napoleon Bonaparte's French Army of Italy. The Austrians repulsed persistent French attacks in a struggle in which both sides suffered heavy losses. The engagement, which happened two months after the more famous Battle of Bassano, marked the first tactical defeat of Bonaparte's career and occurred near Bassano del Grappa in Northern Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars. The action was part of the third relief of the siege of Mantua during the War of the First Coalition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Borghetto</span> Battle of the War of the First Coalition

The Battle of Borghetto, near Valeggio sul Mincio in the Veneto of northern Italy, took place during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars. On 30 May 1796, a French army led by General Napoleon Bonaparte forced a crossing of the Mincio River in the face of opposition from an Austrian army commanded by Feldzeugmeister Johann Peter Beaulieu. This action compelled the Austrian army to retreat north up the Adige valley to Trento, leaving the fortress of Mantua to be besieged by the French.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mathias Rukavina von Boynograd</span>

Mathias Rukavina von Boynograd was a Croatian general in the Habsburg monarchy imperial army service. He joined the army in 1755 and fought against the Kingdom of Prussia, Ottoman Turkey, and the First French Republic. For most of his career he served with the light infantry from the military border with Turkey. He earned the rank of general officer during the French Revolutionary Wars, distinguishing himself at Loano. During the 1796 Italian campaign, he commanded a brigade in several battles against the French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte. He was Inhaber (Proprietor) of an Austrian infantry regiment in 1803–1804.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anton Ferdinand Mittrowsky</span>

Anton Ferdinand Freiherr Mittrowsky von Mittrowitz und Nemyšl, or Anton Mittrowsky, was promoted to general officer in the spring of 1796, just in time to lead a brigade against Napoleon Bonaparte during the 1796–1797 Italian Campaign in the War of the First Coalition. He served as a regimental commander in 1792–1796, leading his unit at Neerwinden, Famars, and Le Quesnoy in 1793. In the following year, he led the regiment at Landrecies, Beaumont, Courtrai, and Fleurus. In 1796, he led a brigade at Castiglione and 2nd Bassano, and played a pivotal role at Arcole, nearly defeating Bonaparte. In 1799, he commanded troops at Verona, Magnano, Novi, and Genola. During the Napoleonic Wars he led forces at Caldiero in 1805. He became the Proprietor (Inhaber) of an Austrian infantry regiment from 1806 until his death three years later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gerhard Rosselmini</span> Austrian general

Gerhard Ritter von Rosselmini or Gherardo Rosselmini or Gerhard Roselmini became a general officer in the Austrian army during the French Revolutionary Wars and fought in several actions against Napoleon Bonaparte's French army during the 1796 Italian campaign. From 1789 to 1794 he commanded an Austrian infantry regiment. He led the unit in several battles on the upper Rhine in 1793 before being captured. He was promoted to General Major in early 1794. Rosselmini died in Italy while on campaign.

Karl Philipp Sebottendorf van der Rose enrolled in the Austrian army at the age of 18, became a general officer during the French Revolutionary Wars, and commanded a division against Napoleon Bonaparte in several notable battles during the Italian campaign of 1796.

Alois Graf von Gavasini led a combat brigade in the armies of Habsburg Austria and the Austrian Empire during a remarkable number of battles in the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars. A native of Bonn, he offered his services to Austria and won an award for bravery in 1790. While a field officer in the Italian campaign, he led the rear guard at Primolano in September 1796. Badly outnumbered by the French, he and his soldiers put up a vigorous fight until he was wounded and captured. At Arcole in November 1796, he commanded a brigade on the field of battle against Napoleon Bonaparte's French army. Promoted to general officer in the spring of 1800, he led a powerful brigade at Hohenlinden during that year's fall campaign in Bavaria. Though the battle ended in a decisive defeat, Gavasini's troops fought well before being forced to retreat. The 1805 campaign in Italy found him directing a reserve brigade at Caldiero. After briefly retiring, the warrior returned to lead a brigade at the battles of Sacile, Piave River, and Graz during the 1809 war. That year he retired from the army and did not return.

Anton Schübirz or Anton Schubirz von Chobinin was an Austrian General-major. He fought for Habsburg monarchy against Ottoman Turkey and the French First Republic. He participated in several noteworthy actions during the French Revolutionary Wars. As a newly promoted general officer in Italy, he led a brigade in an all-night action against the French at Codogno, part of the Battle of Fombio in May 1796. In the sparring before the Battle of Castiglione, he showed initiative in bringing his troops to the assistance of a fellow general. He also fought at Fontaniva, Caldiero, and Arcole in the autumn of 1796. This was the theater of war where a young French general named Napoleon Bonaparte earned his fame. Schübirz retired from the army in 1798 and died three years later.

The Battle of Voltri was an engagement occurring on 10 April 1796 during the French Revolutionary Wars and taking place in Voltri, a suburb of Genoa, Italy.

References

Military offices
Preceded by Oberst (colonel) of Infantry Regiment Nr. 19
1789–1795
Succeeded by
Carl von Adorjan