Phrynocephalus persicus

Phrynocephalus persicus
Conservation status
	; Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Iguania
Family:	Agamidae
Genus:	Phrynocephalus
Species:	P. persicus
Binomial name
	Phrynocephalus persicus; De Filippi (1863)
Synonyms
	P. helioscopus subspecies persicus Méhely (1894);

Last updated April 27, 2023

Phrynocephalus persicus, commonly known as the Persian toad-headed agama, is a small diurnal desert lizard of the family Agamidae. It is the westernmost representative of the Central Asian genus of toad-headed agamas Phrynocephalus and is only known from deserts and semideserts of Iran and possibly Azerbaijan.

Taxonomy

Phylogeny within the genus Phrynocephalus is not well understood yet. There is a lack of data and controversy between opinions regarding both phylogenetic relationships and species vs. subspecies status of the different forms Phrynocephalus helioscopus and Phrynocephalus persicus, also called the "helioscopus-persicus complex".

There is an ongoing scientific debate about the phylogeny and the taxonomic format of Phrynocephalus persicus. Recent studies suggest existence of at least two distinct subspecies: the Persian toad-headed agama (Phrynocephalus persicus persicus De Filippi, 1863) from northern and central Iran, and Horvath's toad-headed agama (Phrynocephalus persicus horvathi Mehely, 1894) from Armenia, Azerbaijan, NW Iran and NE Turkey.^[2]^[3] The IUCN considers P. persicus and P. horvathi as two distinct species, and classifies the Phrynocephalus persicus as Vulnerable,^[1] while Phrynocephalus horvathi is Critically Endangered.^[4] This usage has been followed here.

Proposed subspecies

P. persicus persicus Solovyova et al. (2011)
P. persicus horvathi Solovyova et al. (2011)
P. helioscopus horvathi Méhely (1894)
P. helioscopus var. horvathi Méhely (1894)
P. horvathi Rostombekov (1938)

Description

The snout-vent length of the body and weight ranges between 2.3 cm and 0.4 g in newborns and 7 cm and 7.8 g in adults.^[5] There is a sexual dimorphism in morphology (size, color) and behavior. Females are slightly larger than males. P. persicus appears to have a shorter tail compared to P. horvathi.^[2]

Like its relatives, the species does not have visible ear-drums. Head and body are wide and covered with small scales. There is no large shield on the head as in Lacertidae lizards. Coloration is cryptic and usually corresponds to the color of the surrounding substrate, which makes the lizard almost invisible. Scales of different size, shape and color associated to create a mosaic pattern, which serves as camouflage allowing the lizard to blend in with a sandy substrate. Accumulations of conical scales create more or less symmetrically distributed dark spots of the color pattern. The dorsal pattern consists of transverse series of dark dots which form pronounced dark areas on the shoulders and the lumbar region of the body. The center of the back may carry 1–3 latitudinally spread groups of dark spots, or may be free of any pattern.^[6] There are usually 2–3 prolonged red surrounded by blue areas on the neck. Color of these areas serves as a "pregnancy indicator". In gravid females red coloration turns bluish-grey and areas become blue. Belly is white with bright orange wash in the rare (abdominal) part. Tail usually carries latitudinally striped pattern form dark and white segments. Ventral surface of the tail in lizards from Armenia is dark grey in males and yellowish in females.^{[ citation needed ]}

Distribution and habitat

The species occurs in fragmented populations in the northwestern and western parts of the Central Plateau in Iran. Reports from Azerbaijan have not been confirmed in the past 50 years. The species inhabits semi-desert on plateaus at an elevation of up to 1,150m.^[1]

Ecology

The life span of P. persicus is 2.5–3 years. Juveniles become adults at an age of less than one year. The species feeds on a variety of arthropods including ants, small spiders, beetles and orthopterans and even venomous arthropods such as spiders, bees and wasps.

P. persicus is oviparous, i.e. a female lays eggs to reproduce. Females may make 1–3 clutches of 2–4 small eggs, depending on the duration of the warm season, which, in its turn, heavily depends on elevation of the local terrain. The female lays the eggs into a narrow around 30 cm deep burrow she has dug into the sand.^[5] During the period of gravidity, females demonstrate a specifically aggressive behavior towards conspecifics and other invaders as well. This behavior includes walking on extended rear limbs with an inflated abdomen, collateral rotations of the curved end of the tail, tail-markings on the sand, and open mouth attacks.^[7]

Conservation

The species is fairly common in suitable habitat but patchily distributed. It is currently classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN. Its geographic range does overlap with areas of intense land use, making large scale habitat loss a major threat. Overgrazing, uncontrolled collection, road mortality as well as predation by larger animals have been documented.^[1] Habitats of the lizard are preserved as small islets of semi-desert surrounded by agrarian lands. Despite positive experience in captive breeding of P. horvathi , no stable captive colonies exist.^[5]

Related Research Articles

Phrynocephalus is a genus which includes 33 species of small and medium-sized agamid lizards, commonly called toadhead agamas or toad-headed agamas, that inhabit open arid and semiarid environments of Asia and Eastern Europe. The systematics of this genus are very complicated with many controversial points of view about the unclear phylogeny of this group. All representatives of this genus have adopted the so-called "sit and wait" hunting strategy and they actively use visual orientation when watching for food. In general, the ecological niche and role of Phrynocephalus species in lizard communities of arid environments of Asia are poorly studied, but seem to be similar to that of Phrynosoma, Cophosaurus, Holbrookia, Uta, and Sceloporus in the New World, as well as Moloch in Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thorny devil</span> Species of lizard

The thorny devil, also known commonly as the mountain devil, thorny lizard, thorny dragon, and moloch, is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. The species is endemic to Australia. It is the sole species in the genus Moloch. It grows up to 21 cm (8.3 in) in total length, with females generally larger than males.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caucasian agama</span> Species of lizard

The Caucasian agama is a species of agamid lizard found in the Caucasus, E/S Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Dagestan (Russia), E Turkey, Iraq, N Iran, Afghanistan, NW Pakistan, and parts of Kashmir.

Phrynocephalus luteoguttatus, the yellow-speckled toad-headed agama, is a species of agamid lizard found in Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan (Baluchistan) and possibly in India.

Phrynocephalus theobaldi is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. The species is endemic to Asia.

Vipera darevskii, known as Darevsky's viper, is a small species of viper, a venomous snake in the subfamily Viperinae of the family Viperidae. The species is native to northwestern Armenia, northeastern Turkey, and possibly also adjacent southern Georgia. There are no subspecies that are recognized as being valid.

Phrynocephalus mystaceus, also known as the secret toadhead agama and toad-headed agama, is a species of agamid lizard. It is found in southern Russia, Kazakhstan, and northwestern China (Xinjiang) and southward to northern Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan.

Goravan Sands Sanctuary, is a state protected area in Ararat Province, Armenia.

Phrynocephalus versicolor, the Tuvan toad-headed agama, is a species of agamid lizard found in desert areas of China and Mongolia. It was first described by the Russian herpetologist Alexander Strauch, director of the Zoological Museum at the Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg.

Phrynocephalus horvathi is a small diurnal desert lizard in the family Agamidae. It is endemic to the valley of the Aras River and considered Critically Endangered.

Natalie's toad-headed agama is a species of agamid lizard endemic to the Zagros Mountains in Iran. The specific epithet honors Natalia Ananjeva of the Zoological Institute in St. Petersburg, Russia for her contribution to herpetological research of the family Agamidae and Phrynocephalus in particular.

Phrynocephalus clarkorum, also known commonly as the Afghan toad-headed agama and Clark's toad-headed agama, is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. The species is native to parts of Central and South Asia.

Phrynocephalus forsythii, also known commonly as Forsyth's toadhead agama and Forsyth's toad-headed lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. The species is endemic to China.

Phrynocephalus guttatus, also known commonly as the spotted toadhead agama, the Saissan toad-headed agama, the Central Asian toadhead agama, and Salensky's toadhead agama, is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. The species is native to southeastern Europe and western Asia. There are five recognized subspecies.

<i>Phrynocephalus helioscopus</i> Species of lizard

Phrynocephalus helioscopus, the sunwatcher toadhead agama, Fergana toad-headed agama, or sunwatcher, is a species of agamid lizard found in Kazakhstan, S Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Iraq, China, Mongolia, and Iran.

Phrynocephalus strauchi, Strauch's toad agama, is a species of agamid lizard found in Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan.

Phrynocephalus vlangalii, also known as the Qinghai toad-headed agama, the Ching Hai toadhead agama, the Pylzow's toadhead agama, or gecko toadhead agama, is a species of viviparous agamid lizard endemic to the Tibetan Plateau in China. This lizard lives in burrows at high elevations of 2,000 to 4,600 meters. It is also known for its aggression, especially between females during mating season since females usually only have one mate. P. vlangalii curls its tail and shows a patch on its underbelly as defense displays against conspecifics. This lizard also has a variety of gut microbiota that help perform metabolic and biological functions depending on the altitude at which the lizard lives.

References

1 2 3 4 Steven Anderson, Boris Turiyev.; Soheila Shafiei Bafti (2009). "Phrynocephalus persicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009: e.T164647A5915480. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T164647A5915480.en .
1 2 Melnikov, Daniil; Ananjeva, N.B.; Agasyan, A.L.; Rajabizadeh, M. (2008). "Historical background and taxonomic status of the Persian Toad-Headed Agama Phrynocephalus persicus De Filippi, 1863 and Horwath's Sun-watcher toad-head agama Phrynocephalus helioscopus horvathi Mehely, 1894". Questions of Herpetology: 286–297.
↑ Solovyeva, Evgenia; Poyarkov, N.A.; Dunaev, E.A.; Duysebayeva, T.N; Bannikova, A.A. (2011). "Molecular Differentiation and Taxonomy of the Sunwatcher Toad-Headed Agama Species Complex Phrynocephalus Superspecies helioscopus (Pallas, 1771) Reptilia, Agamidae)". Russian Journal of Genetics. 47 (7): 842–856. doi:10.1134/s1022795411070155. S2CID 40140613.
↑ Natalia Ananjeva; Aram Agasyan (2009). "Phrynocephalus horvathi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009: e.T164759A5923724. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T164759A5923724.en . Retrieved 26 April 2023.
1 2 3 Manvelian, Karen; Tadevosyan, T. (2000). The future of ecological science in Armenia. Proceedings of the Republican Youth Scientific Conference. pp. 64–68.
↑ Tadevosyan, Tigran (September 2006). "Habitat Suitability for Reptiles in the Goravan Sands Sanctuary, Armenia" (PDF). Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 1 (1): 40–45.
↑ Tadevosyan, Tigran (2001). Collection of Articles of Young Researchers. 1 (2): 62–67.{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)