| Phrynoidis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Phrynoidis asper | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | Phrynoidis Fitzinger, 1842 |
| Type species | |
| Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829 | |
Phrynoidis is a small genus of true toads, family Bufonidae. [1] [2] They are found in Mainland Southeast Asia and the Greater Sundas. They are sometimes known as the rough toads [1] or river toads. [3]
Phrynoidis was included in Bufo until 2006. [1] Their sister taxon is the genus Rentapia (formerly part of then polyphyletic Pedostibes ). [3]
Phrynoidis are large toads, with a maximum female snout–vent length of 121–215 mm (4.8–8.5 in), depending on the species (males are smaller). Finger tips are dilated into keratinized, bulbous tips. Supernumerary palmar tubercles are present. The fingers have basal webbing. The tadpoles have large oral disc that is as wide as the body. [3]
Phrynoidis are terrestrial riparian habitat generalists. They lay very large egg clutches. [3]
There are two species: [1] [2]
A true toad is any member of the family Bufonidae, in the order Anura. This is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as toads, although some may be called frogs. The bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera, Bufo being the best known.
Adenomus is a small genus of true toads, with only two species, endemic to Sri Lanka. Adenomus kandianus was considered as extinct for 133 years, but was rediscovered in October 2009 in the Kandy area.
Ansonia is a genus of true toads found in south India, northern Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Tioman Island, Borneo, and Mindanao (Philippines). These small forest species spawn in streams and have torrent-adapted tadpoles. Common name stream toads has been coined for the genus, although individual species are also being referred to as slender toads.
Leptophryne is a small genus of true toads, family Bufonidae, with only three species. The genus is found in Southeast Asia, in the Malay Peninsula and the Greater Sunda Islands. Its relationships within Bufonidae are uncertain; its closest relative might be Epidalea.
Pelophryne, commonly known as flathead toads or dwarf toads, is a genus of true toads, family Bufonidae. The genus occurs in the Philippines, Borneo, Malaya including Singapore, and Hainan (China). Molecular data suggest that Pelophryne is the sister taxon of Ansonia.
Werneria, also known as the torrent toads or smalltongue toads, is a small genus of "true toads", family Bufonidae. They are found in western Central Africa, with the greatest species richness in the Western High Plateau of Cameroon. The species generally have restricted or patchy distributions and are considered threatened.
The Asian giant toad, sometimes referred to as the river toad, is a species of true toad native to Mainland Southeast Asia and the Greater Sundas. It is a medium-large toad, but it is easily confused with its larger relative, the giant river toad.
Bufoides is a small genus of true toads, family Bufonidae. The genus is endemic to Northeast India, with one species known from the Garo and Khasi Hills.
Bufoides kempi is a species of true toad, family Bufonidae. This poorly known species is endemic to Meghalaya, Northeast India. It is only known with certainty from its type series collected "above Tura" at 2,500 ft (760 m) in the Garo Hills no later than 1919; there is also a possible record collected at around 2009. Its common names are Kemp's Asian tree toad, Garo Hills toad, and Garo Hills tree toad. The specific name kempi honours Stanley Wells Kemp, an English zoologist and anthropologist.
The Malabar tree toad, or warty Asian tree toad, is a species of toad found in forests along the Western Ghats of great Karnataka or Deccan. It is a small species and is found in wet tree hollows or leaf bases containing water. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Pedostibes, also known as Asian tree toads.
Phrynoidis juxtasper, also known as the giant river toad or Borneo river toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in Borneo and Sumatra (Indonesia) below 1,600 m (5,200 ft) asl. Prior to its species description, it was confused with Phrynoidis asper.
Rentapia everetti, also known as Everett's Asian tree toad or marbled tree toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Borneo and occurs in both Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia.
Pelophryne api, also known as Api dwarf toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Borneo and known from Gunung Mulu National Park in northern Sarawak and from Simpang Kuda in Bau District, western Sarawak. Its genetic divergence from Pelophryne guentheri is relatively low and these species could be conspecific.
Pelophryne brevipes is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Philippines and found on the islands of Mindanao and Basilan. Records from elsewhere in Southeast Asia refer to Pelophryne signata or possibly other species. Common names Southeast Asian toadlet and Zamboanga flathead toad have been coined for it.
Nimbaphrynoides is a monotypic genus of true toads from highlands in the Mount Nimba region of the West African countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire. The sole species is Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis. Along with Nectophrynoides, Eleutherodactylus jasperi, and Limnonectes larvaepartus, Nimbaphrynoides is one of the only anurans that combine internal fertilization with ovoviviparity.
Xanthophryne is a small genus of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are endemic to the Western Ghats in Maharashtra, India. Its sister taxon is Duttaphrynus. The name Xanthophryne is derived from two Greek words, xanthos meaning yellow and phryne meaning toad.
Blaira is a small genus of true toads endemic to the southern Western Ghats, India. The genus was erected in 2021 as a valid substitute name for Ghatophryne which was created in 2009 for Ansonia ornata which was found to be distinct enough to warrant its own genus. This was however considered an invalid description as it was published in an only a digital medium ; Ansonia rubigina was moved based on its morphological similarity and distribution.
Sabahphrynus is a monotypic genus of amphibians in the family Bufonidae. The sole species is Sabahphrynus maculatus, also known as the spotted Asian tree toad or Sabah earless toad. It is endemic to Borneo where it is only known from Sabah, East Malaysia.
Rentapia is a genus of true toads, family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Southeast Asia and occurs in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra. It was erected in 2016 resolve the polyphyly of Pedostibes.
Rentapia flavomaculata, also known as the yellow-spotted tree toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Malay Peninsula. Before being described as a distinct species in 2020, it was confused with Rentapia hosii.