Phrynomedusa appendiculata, the Santa Catarina leaf frog, is a species of frog in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae. It is endemic to Brazil, where it is only known from the southern Atlantic Forest.[2][3][1]
This frog is classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is thought to be a very rare and declining species. After 1970, no further sightings of the species were made until late 2011, when it was rediscovered near Santo André in the state of São Paulo, marking the first observation of the species in over 41 years; these results were published in a 2022 study. The factors for its initial disappearance remain unclear, although it may have to do with chytridiomycosis and habitat loss associated with agriculture and coal mining, including air pollution.[1][4]
The Santo André site is over 250 kilometers away from its type locality near São Bento do Sul in Santa Catarina, and despite immense growth in citizen science efforts over the following decade, the species has not been recorded at any other sites aside from Santo André. This may be due to the Santo André site having a more pristine habitat optimal for P. appendiculata, but it may also be due to P. appendiculata being more difficult to record and thus being overlooked at other sites.[4]
This arboreal frog requires healthy rainforest where the tree branches form a canopy. The frog was found on vegetation near water. The female frog lays her eggs on leaves over water such that the tadpoles fall into the water when they hatch. Scientists have seen the frogs laying eggs in blackwater ponds and oxbow lakes.[1]
Scientists speculate that fewer than fifty individuals may be alive now, though they note that the northern part of its former range, which includes the protected Parque Estadual Nascentes do Paranapanema, remains suitable habitat. There is some concern that, if rediscovered, this frog may be affected by the illegal pet trade, collectors tempted by its colors and rarity. Scientists note that other frogs in Phrynomedusa are sold as pets, both legally and otherwise.[1]
Phrynomedusa is a genus of tree frogs from the Southeast and South regions in Brazil. They were formerly considered to be part of the genus Phyllomedusa, as the "Phyllomedusa fimbriata group". Common names colored leaf frogs and monkey frogs have been coined for them.
The harlequin poison frog, also known as harlequin poison-dart frog, is a species of poison dart frog endemic to the Chocó region of western Colombia. The frog is normally found on the ground of tropical rain forests, among fallen limbs or leaf litter. Some frogs traditionally classified as Oophaga histrionica were separated as new species in 2018. These are Oophaga anchicayensis, Oophaga andresi and Oophaga solanensis.
The Mundo Novo tree frog is a species of frog in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to south-eastern Brazil where it is known from the easternmost Rio Grande do Sul and adjacent southeastern Santa Catarina. Its natural habitats are forested mountain slopes near streams with clear running water. The eggs are deposited on vegetation hanging into the water. It is a common species although habitat loss and water pollution are threats.
Phasmahyla guttata, the spotted leaf frog, is a species of frog in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae. It is endemic to Brazil. It lives in forests and near the edges of forests but not outside forests. It has been observed between 50 and 1200 meters above sea level.
Phrynomedusa bokermanni, Bokermann's leaf frog, is a species of frog in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae. It is endemic to Brazil.
Phrynomedusa marginata, the bicolored leaf frog, is a species of frog in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae. It is endemic to Brazil. People have seen it between 600 and 800 meters above sea level.
Phrynomedusa vanzolinii, or Vanzolini's leaf frog, is a frog in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae. It is endemic to southeastern Brazil where it is currently known from Teresópolis in the state of Rio de Janeiro and Boraceia in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is possible that this species is a synonym of Phrynomedusa appendiculata.
The Alagoas heart-tongued frog is a species of frog in the family Hylidae, the tree frogs and allies. It is endemic to Brazil, where it is known from coastal regions in Bahia, Alagoas, and Pernambuco. It has been observed as high as 550 meters above sea level.
Pithecopus ayeaye, also known as the reticulated leaf frog and reticulate leaf frog, is a species of frog in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae. It is endemic to Brazil. P. ayeaye is found in the transition zone between cerrado and Atlantic semi-deciduous forest, laying its eggs on leaves above streams or pools so the tadpoles, when hatched, fall into the water below. This species is under threat from habitat loss resulting from mining activity and fires, and is also affected by pollution from mining and pesticides. Its restricted range is likely to make it particularly vulnerable to these threats.
Phyllomedusa distincta is a species of frog in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae, endemic to Brazil. It has been observed as high as 1000 meters above sea level.
Physalaemus maculiventris is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. It is endemic to Southeast and South Brazil and is known primarily from the Serra do Mar in Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo state, Paraná, and Santa Catarina states. Common name Mantagnes dwarf frog has been proposed for it.
Stereocyclops parkeri is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to southeastern Brazil and known from the southwestern part of the state of Rio de Janeiro and from Ilha de São Sebastião ("Ilhabela"), São Paulo state. For a period it was treated as a synonym of Stereocyclops incrassatus, but is now recognized as valid species.
Zhangixalus arboreus, also known as the forest green tree frog and Kinugasa flying frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to Japan, where it has been observed on Honshu island, as high as 2000 meters above sea level.
Phasmahyla spectabilis is a species of frog in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae. It is endemic to Brazil and known from the north-eastern Minas Gerais and adjacent southern Bahia. It occurs in fragments of Atlantic Forest at elevations of about 800 m (2,600 ft) above sea level.People have seen it as high as 850 meters above sea level.
Gracixalus lumarius, also known as the thorny tree frog or thorny bushfrog, is a species of rhacophorid frog. It is endemic to Vietnam and first known from Mount Ngoc Linh in Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve, Kon Tum Province. It has been observed between 1700 and 2160 meters above sea level.
Phrynomedusa dryade, the monkey frog, is a species of frog in the family Hylidae, endemic to Brazil. Scientists have only seen it in five places, always in ponds or mountain streams.
Pithecopus rusticus is a species of frog in the family Hylidae, endemic to Brazil. This frog has been observed 1330 meters above sea level.
Phyllomedusa chaparroi is a species of treefrog in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae endemic to Peru. Scientists have only seen it in two places. This frog has been observed between 537 and 650 meters above sea level.
Phyllomedusa bahiana is a species of frog in the family Hylidae endemic to Bahia and Brazil. Scientists have seen it in mountain habitats, between 280 and 1000 meters above sea level.
Polypedates discantus, the Malayan slender tree frog or Malayan whipping frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to Thailand and Malaysia, where it has been observed between 61 and 206 meters above sea level.
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