Phyllis Gardner (clinical pharmacologist)

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Phyllis Gardner
Phyllis I. Gardner
Born1950or1951(age 72–73) [1]
NationalityAmerican
Alma mater
Years active1976-present
Known forFirst skeptic of Elizabeth Holmes
Ion channel biophysics
Board member of
  • Harvard Medical School Board of Fellows
  • Ventaira Pharmaceuticals
  • Corium International, Inc.
  • Parnell Pharmaceuticals Holdings Ltd.
  • BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc.
  • Aerogen Limited
  • Aronex Pharmaceuticals
  • CohBar
SpouseAndrew Perlman [1] [2]
AwardsJudith Pool Award
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
Notable students Elizabeth Holmes
Notes

Phyllis I. Gardner (born July 7, 1950) is a Professor of Medicine at the Stanford University School of Medicine, and former Dean of Education. Gardner was one of the first people to be publicly skeptical of Elizabeth Holmes, the founder of blood testing company Theranos, who was later found guilty of investor fraud. [1] [6] [7]

Contents

Early life and education

Gardner completed her bachelor's degree at the University of Illinois, where she specialized in biology. [5] She studied at Harvard Medical School and graduated in 1976. [5] [8] [9] She has held a license to practice medicine in California since 1979. [8] She completed research fellowships at Columbia University and University College London. [5] [10] She was a postdoctoral fellow at University College London in 1982. [11] Gardner trained in internal medicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital. [5] She was a Chief Resident at the Stanford School of Medicine. [12] In 2002 Gardner argued against a merger of University College London and Imperial College London. [13] Gardner is married to Andrew Perlman. [1] [2] Perlman is an executive within the biotechnology sector in the United States. [1] [2] He briefly served on an advisory board for Theranos for a few months before the panel was shut down. [2] Perlman learned that Theranos was a significant buyer of laboratory diagnostic testing equipment from the company Siemens. [14] [15]

Career

Academic research

Gardner joined Stanford University in 1984. [7] [16] Her initial role upon hiring in 1984 was as assistant professor of medicine and pharmacology. [16] Gardner works on cardiac arrhythmias and cystic fibrosis pathogenesis. [5] [17] [18] Gardner was appointed Senior Associate Dean for Education and Student Affairs at Stanford University. [19] [10] She is a Professor of Clinical Pharmacology. [20] [21] She led a laboratory that focused on ion channel biophysics. [22] In 2003, Gardner testified to the United States House of Representatives on the subject matter of applications of biotechnology research in the United States. [23] Gardner's medical and scientific research has been published in multiple peer-reviewed scientific journals including Nature , Science , and The Lancet . [24] [25] [26]

Entrepreneurship

After spending ten years in academia, Gardner became interested in research and development and entrepreneurship. [22] She mentored women interested in pursuit of the field of science. [27] She gained experience within the of companies seeking out venture capital funding. [27] She developed several forms of slow released medication, including an adaptation for retention in the stomach. [28] [29] Gardner has been involved with several start-ups in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. [13] From 1996 to 1998 Gardner served as Vice President of Research and Head of the Technology Institute at the Alza Corporation. [10] Gardner served as Director of the biopharmaceutical company Revance Therapeutics from 2007 to 2018. [30] She is an adjunct partner at Essex Woodlands Health Ventures. [31] She founded several companies, including the Genomics Collaborative, SKOLAR and the CambriaTech Holding Co. [32] She was appointed to the Board Of Directors of Ventaira Pharmaceuticals in 2006. [32] Gardner serves on the Board of Fellows of the Harvard Medical School. [33] She was appointed to the Board of Directors of CohBar, a clinical stage biotechnology company, in 2019. [5]

In 2002, Elizabeth Holmes visited Gardner at Stanford University. [27] [7] [34] Holmes proposed her idea for a microfluidic device that could detect and treat infectious diseases. [27] [7] [34] Gardner was critical of the proposal, and told Holmes she did not think her invention would be successful. [35] [36] [37] She explained to Holmes that it is not possible to use antibiotics on such a small scale. [7] [38] [39] Holmes dropped out of Stanford a few months later, but Gardner followed the evolution of Theranos. [38] Very briefly, both Gardner and Holmes served on the Harvard Medical School Board of Fellows after Holmes was given an invitation to join. [1] Gardner did not permit Holmes to visit the Stanford campus and called for her to be sent to prison. [40] [27] Holmes was ultimately found guilty of criminal fraud, in the federal case, United States v. Elizabeth A. Holmes, et al. — which was brought by the United States against her and Theranos former president and COO Sunny Balwani. [7] [1] [6]

In media

The Wall Street Journal investigative journalist John Carreyrou delved into the manner in which Elizabeth Holmes failed to convince Gardner to involve herself in her company Theranos; he recounted this in-depth in his 2018 book, Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup . [41] [42] [43] This relationship was investigated further in the 2019 Alex Gibney documentary, The Inventor: Out for Blood in Silicon Valley . [44] [45] [46] Rebecca Jarvis delved into the early background between Gardner and Holmes, in her 2019 podcast about Theranos, The Dropout . [47] [48] [49] In the 2022 American biographical television drama miniseries The Dropout , based on the Jarvis podcast of the same name, Gardner appeared as a character in the show. [50] [51] Gardner was portrayed by Emmy Award-winning actress Laurie Metcalf in the Hulu series about the rise and fall of Theranos and its founder and CEO. [52] [53] [54]

Awards and honors

YearAwardCategoryOrganizationResultRef.
1998NCC-AWIS AwardJudith Pool Award Association for Women in Science Won [3] [4]

Selected publications

Scientific journal articles

Academic conferences

Related Research Articles

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Theranos Inc. was an American privately held corporation that was touted as a breakthrough health technology company. Founded in 2003 by then 19-year-old Elizabeth Holmes, Theranos raised more than US$700 million from venture capitalists and private investors, resulting in a $10 billion valuation at its peak in 2013 and 2014. The company claimed that it had devised blood tests that required very small amounts of blood and that could be performed rapidly and accurately, all using compact automated devices that the company had developed. These claims were proven to be false.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth Holmes</span> American businesswoman (born 1984)

Elizabeth Anne Holmes is an American biotechnology entrepreneur who was convicted of fraud in connection to her blood-testing company, Theranos. The company's valuation soared after it claimed to have revolutionized blood testing by developing methods that needed only very small volumes of blood, such as from a fingerprick. In 2015, Forbes had named Holmes the youngest and wealthiest self-made female billionaire in the United States on the basis of a $9-billion valuation of her company. In the following year, as revelations of fraud about Theranos's claims began to surface, Forbes revised its estimate of Holmes's net worth to zero, and Fortune named her in its feature article on "The World's 19 Most Disappointing Leaders".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lumacaftor/ivacaftor</span> Cystic fibrosis drug

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Carreyrou</span> American journalist and author

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Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani is a businessman, former president and chief operating officer of Theranos, which was a privately held health technology company founded by his then-girlfriend Elizabeth Holmes. He and Holmes fraudulently represented that they had devised a revolutionary blood test that required only small amounts of blood, such as from a fingerstick. Both Balwani and Holmes were convicted of fraud. The consequences of the fraud led to the collapse of Theranos and the loss of billions of dollars to investors.

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References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Savidge, Nico (June 3, 2019), "She saw through Elizabeth Holmes. Now Stanford professor is star in Theranos saga", The Mercury News, archived from the original on June 20, 2019, retrieved May 24, 2024
  2. 1 2 3 4 Carreyrou 2023, p. 218.
  3. 1 2 "Past Award Recipients - Judith Pool Award: In Honor of Judith Pool, Ph.D., 1919-1975", NCC-AWIS Awards, Association for Women in Science, 2024, archived from the original on May 11, 2024, retrieved May 25, 2024
  4. 1 2 "Awards Nomination", AWIS, 2024, archived from the original on February 20, 2020, retrieved May 25, 2024
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CohBar Inc (February 11, 2019), "CohBar Announces the Appointment of Dr. Phyllis Gardner to its Board of Directors", GlobeNewswire News Room, archived from the original on May 12, 2019, retrieved May 12, 2019
  6. 1 2 U.S. Attorney's Office, Northern District of California (January 4, 2022), "Theranos Founder Elizabeth Holmes Found Guilty Of Investor Fraud", www.justice.gov, United States Department of Justice, archived from the original on April 6, 2024, retrieved March 7, 2022
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Baila, Morgan (March 19, 2019), "Phyllis Gardner Warned Everyone About Elizabeth Holmes — But No One Listened", Refinery29, www.refinery29.com, archived from the original on March 30, 2019, retrieved May 24, 2024
  8. 1 2 "Dr. Phyllis Gardner, MD – Stanford, CA | Internal Medicine on Doximity", Doximity, Doximity, Inc., 2024, archived from the original on May 12, 2019, retrieved May 24, 2024
  9. ↑ "Classes of 1970 - 1979 | Harvard Medical Alumni Association", alumni.hms.harvard.edu, June 30, 2023, archived from the original on March 28, 2024, retrieved May 24, 2024
  10. 1 2 3 "Phyllis Gardner", Avestria.vc, Avestria Ventures, 2024, archived from the original on February 16, 2022, retrieved May 24, 2024
  11. ↑ "Jeremy Bentham". web.stanford.edu. 2019. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
  12. ↑ "Prof. Phyllis Gardner, M.D.", Pardigm, Pardigm.com, 2024, archived from the original on March 28, 2023, retrieved May 25, 2024
  13. 1 2 Gardner, Phyllis (November 27, 2002), "The proposed 'merger' of UCL and Imperial College" (PDF), UCL, archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2022, retrieved May 24, 2024
  14. ↑ Carreyrou 2023, p. 219.
  15. ↑ Carreyrou 2023, p. 229.
  16. 1 2 Laurence, Leslie; Weinhouse, Beth (1997), Outrageous Practices: How Gender Bias Threatens Women's Health, Rutgers University Press, pp. 37–39, ISBN   978-0813524481
  17. ↑ Naguib, Maggie; Schrijver, Iris; Gardner, Phyllis; Pique, Lynn; Doss, Samiha; Abu-Zekry, Mona; Aziz, Mona; Nasr, Samya (2007), "Cystic fibrosis detection in high-risk Egyptian children and CFTR mutation analysis", Journal of Cystic Fibrosis , 6 (2), European Cystic Fibrosis Society: 111–6, doi: 10.1016/j.jcf.2006.04.004 , PMID   16837250
  18. ↑ Wagner, John; Moran, Mary; Messner, Anna; Daifuku, Richard; Conrad, Carol; Phd, Thomas; Guggino, William; Moss, Richard; Carter, Barrie; Wine, Jeffrey; Flotte, Terence; Gardner, Phyllis (1998), "A Phase I/II Study of tgAAV-CF for the Treatment of Chronic Sinusitis in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. Stanford University, Stanford, California", Human Gene Therapy , 9 (6): 889–909, doi:10.1089/hum.1998.9.6-889, PMID   9581911
  19. ↑ Washburn, Jennifer (2008), University, Inc.: The Corporate Corruption of Higher Education, Basic Books, pp. 92–94, ISBN   978-0786722389
  20. ↑ "Phyllis Gardner - Professor of Medicine (Clinical Pharmacology)", Stanford Profiles, Stanford University, 2024, archived from the original on May 23, 2024, retrieved May 24, 2024
  21. ↑ Salters, Madison (2023), "Start-Up Culture", Scams and Cons: A True Crime Collection, Ulysses Press, ISBN   978-1646044627
  22. 1 2 Cerretani, Jessica; Leo, R. Alan (Spring 2011), "Trading Spaces - Leaders in medical research can enrich their creative output by moving between industry and academia", Harvard Medicine: The Magazine of Harvard Medical School, archived from the original on February 12, 2024, retrieved May 24, 2024
  23. ↑ Gardner, Phyllis (July 10, 2003), "Prepared Statement of Phyllis Gardner, Associate Professor of Medicine, Stanford University, On Behalf of the Biotechnology Industry Organization" (PDF), Moving Research from the Bench to the Bedside : Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, July 10, 2003, United States Congress, pp. 48–53, archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2023, retrieved May 23, 2024
  24. ↑ Gardner, Phyllis (1987), "Ion channels activated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in plasma membrane of human T-lymphocytes", Nature , 326 (6110): 301–304, Bibcode:1987Natur.326..301K, doi:10.1038/326301a0, PMID   2434867, S2CID   4355950
  25. ↑ Gardner, Phyllis (March 28, 1997), "Nuclear Export of NF-ATc Enhanced by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3", Science , 275 (5308): 1930–1933, doi:10.1126/science.275.5308.1930, PMID   9072970, S2CID   22590899
  26. ↑ Wagner, John; Reynolds, Thomas; Moran, Mary; Moss, Richard; Wine, Jeffrey; Flotte, Terence; Gardner, Phyllis (1998), "Efficient and persistent gene transfer of AAV-CFTR in maxillary sinus", The Lancet , 351 (9117): 1702–3, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77740-0 , PMID   9734891
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 Tedlow, Richard S. (2021), The Emergence of Charismatic Business Leadership, RosettaBooks, pp. 343–345, ISBN   978-1948122849
  28. ↑ "Patents by Inventor Phyllis I. Gardner", Justia, 2024, archived from the original on May 24, 2024, retrieved May 24, 2024
  29. ↑ Wong, Patrick S. L.; Dong, Liang-Chang; Edgren, David E.; Theeuwes, Felix; Gardner, Phyllis I.; Jao, Francisco; Wan, Jason J. (August 10, 1998), "Prolonged release active agent dosage form adapted for gastric retention", US6120803A, archived from the original on March 30, 2021, retrieved May 25, 2024
  30. ↑ "About Revance", Revance Therapeutics, www.revance.com, 2020, archived from the original on June 6, 2020, retrieved May 12, 2019
  31. ↑ Joseph, Robert (September 8, 2014), "Parnell Appoints US-Based Independent Directors Phyllis Gardner, M.D., and David L. Greenwood to Its Board of Directors", CNBC, archived from the original on May 12, 2019, retrieved May 12, 2019
  32. 1 2 Williams, Leslie; Neath, Susan (March 12, 2006), "Ventaira Pharmaceuticals Announces Appointment Of Phyllis Gardner, M.D. To The Company's Board Of Directors", BioSpace, archived from the original on May 12, 2019, retrieved May 12, 2019
  33. ↑ Flier, Jeffrey (May 12, 2019), "Jeffrey Flier: Elizabeth Holmes and Harvard Medical School Board of Fellows—a cautionary tale", The BMJ, Bmj.com, archived from the original on June 29, 2019, retrieved May 12, 2019
  34. 1 2 Murphy, Mary C. (2024), Cultures of Growth: How the New Science of Mindset Can Transform Individuals, Teams, and Organizations, Simon & Schuster, pp. 164–166, ISBN   978-1982172749
  35. ↑ Dennin, Torsten (2023), "Chasing Unicorns: Elizabeth Holmes, Theranos, and the Disgrace of Silicon Valley", Games of Greed: Excess, Hubris, Fraud, and Theft on Main Street and Wall Street, River Grove Books, pp. 123–136, ISBN   978-1632996428
  36. ↑ Abbas, Ali (2023), Ethical Decision Quality: Building an Ethical Decision Culture, Ethics International Press Limited, pp. 51–53, ISBN   978-1804412213
  37. ↑ Tsang, Eric W. K. (2022), Explaining Management Phenomena: A Philosophical Treatise, Cambridge University Press, pp. 7–9, ISBN   978-1009323086
  38. 1 2 Yee, Hannah-Rose (March 25, 2019), "Elizabeth Holmes: How Stanford professor Phyllis Gardner helped bring Theranos down", Stylist, archived from the original on May 12, 2019, retrieved May 12, 2019
  39. ↑ "Dr. Phyllis Gardner from After the Downfall: What Elizabeth Holmes and the Theranos Team Are Up to Now", E! Online, March 22, 2019, archived from the original on July 21, 2021, retrieved May 12, 2019
  40. ↑ Ramsey, Lydia (March 18, 2019), "The Stanford professor who rejected one of Elizabeth Holmes' early ideas explains what it was like to watch the rise and fall of Theranos", Business Insider, archived from the original on March 19, 2019, retrieved May 12, 2019
  41. ↑ Freckelton, Ian (2019), "John Carreyrou, Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup", Psychiatry, Psychology and Law , 26 (4): 706–708, doi:10.1080/13218719.2019.1647599, PMC   6762173
  42. ↑ Sumagaysay, Levi (May 25, 2018), "'Bad Blood': The unraveling of Theranos and Elizabeth Holmes", The Mercury News , retrieved May 7, 2024
  43. ↑ Laidler, John (October 3, 2018), "A cautionary tale for Silicon Valley: Reporter who broke Theranos story explains rise and fall of blood-testing firm", The Harvard Gazette , retrieved May 7, 2024
  44. ↑ Machkovech, Sam (March 15, 2019), "HBO's Elizabeth Holmes documentary tells a bloody good story of a bad con job", Ars Technica , retrieved May 7, 2024
  45. ↑ Hough, Quinn (March 19, 2019), "The Inventor: Biggest Reveals from HBO's Theranos Documentary", Screen Rant , retrieved May 7, 2024
  46. ↑ Martin, Michel (March 17, 2019), "In Theranos Documentary 'The Inventor,' Filmmakers Capture A Stubborn Elizabeth Holmes", National Public Radio , retrieved May 7, 2024
  47. ↑ McDonell-Parry, Amelia (January 23, 2019), "'The Dropout': New Podcast Dives into Elizabeth Holmes' Alleged Theranos Fraud", Rolling Stone , retrieved May 7, 2024
  48. ↑ Loizos, Connie (January 23, 2019), "A new ABC documentary and podcast about Theranos features never-before-aired depositions", Tech Crunch , retrieved May 7, 2024
  49. ↑ Dunn, Taylor; Thompson, Victoria; Jarvis, Rebecca (March 12, 2019), "Ex-Theranos employees describe culture of secrecy at Elizabeth Holmes' startup: 'The Dropout' podcast ep. 1", Good Morning America , retrieved May 7, 2024
  50. ↑ Romano, Evan (April 6, 2022), "See The Dropout Cast Compared to Their Real-Life Counterparts", Men's Health , retrieved May 6, 2024
  51. ↑ Mackelden, Amy (March 28, 2022), "From Elizabeth Holmes' makeup to her voice — how accurate is 'The Dropout'?", Harpers Bazaar Australia , retrieved May 5, 2024
  52. ↑ Vallelunga, Emma (March 29, 2022), "Did Dr. Phyllis Gardner Really Shut Down Elizabeth Holmes's Ideas Like in 'The Dropout'?", PopSugar Entertainment , archived from the original on March 29, 2022, retrieved October 21, 2022
  53. ↑ Zhan, Jennifer (April 7, 2022), "How The Dropout's Actors Compare to Their Real-Life Counterparts", Vulture, archived from the original on March 14, 2022, retrieved October 21, 2022
  54. ↑ Goldstein, Goelle (March 30, 2022), "Laurie Metcalf Confronts Amanda Seyfried in The Dropout Sneak Peek", People Magazine , archived from the original on March 31, 2022, retrieved October 21, 2022

Works cited

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