Physician assistant

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A physician assistant or physician associate (PA) is a type of healthcare professional. While these job titles are used internationally, there is significant variation in training and scope of practice from country to country, and sometimes between smaller jurisdictions such as states or provinces. Depending on location, PAs practice semi-autonomously under the supervision of a physician, or autonomously perform a subset of medical services classically provided by physicians. [1]

Contents

The educational model was initially based upon the accelerated training of physicians in the United States during the shortage of qualified medical providers during World War II. Since then, the use of PAs has spread to at least 16 countries around the world. [1] [2] In the US, PAs may diagnose illnesses, develop and manage treatment plans, prescribe medications, and serve as a principal healthcare provider. In many states PAs are required to have a direct agreement with a physician. [3] In the UK, PAs were introduced in 2003. They support the work of the healthcare team, but are dependent clinicians requiring supervision from a physician. [4] They cannot prescribe medications nor request ionising radiation investigations (e.g., x-ray) in the UK. [5] PAs are widely used in Canada. The model began during the Korean War and transitioned to the present concept in 2002. Skills and scope of privileges are similar to those in the US. [1]

Nomenclature

The occupational title of physician assistant and physician associate originated in the United States in 1967 at Duke University. The role has been adopted in the US, Canada, United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, India, Israel, Bulgaria, Myanmar, Switzerland, Liberia, Ghana, and by analogous names throughout Africa, each with their own nomenclature and education structure.

JurisdictionTitleAbbreviationTestCertifying Authority
United StatesPhysician Associate/Physician AssistantPA-CPhysician Associate National Certification ExamNational Commission on Certification of Physician Associates [6] with accompanying state-level certification.
CanadaCanadian Certified Physician AssistantCCPAEntry to Practice ExaminationPhysician Assistant Certification Council of Canada [7] with accompanying provincial certification
United KingdomPhysician AssociatePA-RPhysician Associate National Certification ExaminationRoyal College of Physicians [8]
Republic of IrelandPhysician AssociatePAnonenone
Kenya Clinical officer COClinical Officers Licensing Examination Clinical Officers Council
South AfricaClinical Associate [9]
Malaysia Assistant Medical Officer Malaysia Medical Assistant Board (Lembaga Pembantu Perubatan Malaysia)
India"Physician Assistant"& "Physician Associate" Both are now known as "Physician Associate"(NCAHP ACT 2021, Government of India)PANational common Entry and Exit Examination. https://ncahp.abdm.gov.in/

NCAHP, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.

China Assistant Doctor [10]
Papua New Guinea Health Extension Officer [11]
Former Soviet Union Feldsher [12]
IsraelPhysician Assistant [13] PA-R

Services

Physician assistants or associates may:

Workplaces

Physician assistants or associates train to work in settings such as hospitals, clinics and other types of health facilities, or virtually via telemedicine. PAs are commonly found working in teaching and research as well as hospital administration and other clinical environments. PAs may practice in primary care or Health Sciences specialties, including emergency medicine, surgery and cardiology. [15]

Training

Physician assistant (or associate) education is shorter than a medical degree required to become a physician. It also typically does not involve residency training, although this is increasingly offered in a variety of specialties.

Renewal of certification is usually required every few years, varying by jurisdiction.[ citation needed ]

History

In 1961, Charles Hudson recommended that the American Medical Association create new medical provider certifications. Eugene A. Stead of the Duke University Medical Center assembled the first class of physician assistants in 1965, composed of four former US Navy Hospital Corpsmen. [16] [17] He based the curriculum of the PA program on his first-hand knowledge of the fast-track training of medical doctors during World War II. [18] Two other physicians, Richard Smith at the University of Washington, and Hu Myers at Alderson-Broaddus College launched their own programs in the mid-late 1960s. J. Willis Hurst started the Emory University Physician Assistant Program in 1967.

The Liberian model of PAs was a curriculum intended for graduates to work in areas absent of physicians as physician substitutes. Advisors for this program included UNICEF, American physicians, and Agnes N. Dagbe, MS, RN, a Liberian nurse educated in the US. Additional training was done in the USSR. The Liberian government inaugurated the program in 1965 with Dagbe as PA program. [19]

Beginning in January 1971, [20] the US Army produced eight classes of physician assistants, at 30 students per class, through the Academy of Health Sciences, Brooke Medical Center (academically accredited by Baylor University).

In 2017, approximately 68% of physician assistants in the United States were women and approximately 32% were men. [21]

The profession expanded globally. It can now be found in Afghanistan, Australia, Canada, Germany, Ghana, India, Israel, Liberia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom. As a profession, physician assistants have greatly influenced the theory and conceptualization of socially accountable health professional education. [22]

Jurisdictions

Australia

In 2011, Health Workforce Australia began developing the role of physician assistant throughout the country culminating with registration and a PA Program based out of James Cook University. [23] The Australian Society of Physician Assistants in 2011 published a code of practice. [24] Despite all initial indicators showing that the new profession would be successfully integrated into the health care system, in 2013 it was reported that the progress had floundered resulting in the majority of PAs in Australia being unemployed. [25]

Canada

As of 2024, there are approximately 1000 physician assistants working in healthcare settings in Canada. [26] The first formally trained physician assistants graduated in 1984 from the Canadian Forces Medical Services School at Borden, Ontario. [27] The Canadian Medical Association (CMA) recognized physician assistants as a health professional in 2003. [27] Physician assistants are able to perform medical functions such as ordering tests, diagnosing diseases, prescribing medications, treating patients, educating patients and performing various medical and surgical procedures. Physician assistants are labeled under the federal government national occupational classification code 3124: allied primary health practitioners. [28]

Education and certification (Canada)

The first civilian physician assistant education programs were launched in 2008 at the University of Manitoba and McMaster University. [27] In 2010, a third civilian program was launched by the consortium of physician assistant education (University of Toronto, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, and The Michener Institute) while further programmes were added in 2024 at Dalhousie University [29] and at the University of Calgary. [30] A new programme has been announced to be housed at the University of Saskatchewan to start in 2025. [31]

In Canada, the education of a physician assistant generally consists of three years of professional post-graduate university education. The education is delivered over a two calendar year time-frame by completing fall, winter and summer semesters for both years of the program in either a master level university physician assistant program or post-graduate professional university bachelor level physician assistant program. Physician assistant graduates become eligible for the certification exam by being a graduate of a Canadian physician assistant program that is recognized by the Physician Assistant Certification Council of Canada (Canadian Armed Forces physician assistant program, University of Manitoba, McMaster University and the consortium of physician assistant education all of which are accredited by the Canadian Medical Association). [26]

Scope of practice (Canada)

As of 2023 PAs in Canada may:

Physician assistants resemble and provide many of the functions of physicians. Physician Assistants (PA) are academically prepared and highly skilled health care professionals who provide a broad range of medical services. PAs are physician extenders and not independent practitioners; they work with a degree of autonomy, negotiated and agreed on by the supervising physician(s) and the PA. PAs can work in any clinical setting to extend physician services. PAs complement existing services and aid in improving patient access to health care. A relationship with a supervising physician is essential to the role of the PA. " [32] Physician assistants may be compared to the role of nurse practitioner by the general public and may be confused as the same profession. Nurse practitioners in Canada practice under an advanced nursing model. [33] Physician assistants practice under a medical model, similarly modeled after medical school (physician) education. [34] Nurse practitioners practice within their defined specific scope of practice autonomously and sometimes collaboratively. The defined scopes of a nurse practitioner include the areas of (family care, adults and paediatrics). Physician assistants are permitted to practice in all medical specialties by mirroring the practice of a physician with a full range of skills and scope by practicing both autonomously as a clinician and collaboratively with physicians when required. Some examples of practice areas for physician assistants include (emergency medicine, critical care medicine, cardiology, psychiatry, community and family medicine, neurology, surgery, orthopaedics, internal medicine, oncology, gastroenterology, military medicine, respirology, dermatology, women's health and many more specialities). Physician assistants may perform certain roles which have been traditionally only provided by physicians in clinical practice, making the PA's medical training over other providers unique in this regard.[ citation needed ]

Compensation (Canada)

Physician assistant salaries in civilian practice in Canada are relatively new and can range from approximately $80,000 CAD for entry level positions to $142,000 CAD a year for experienced providers which are not on call and up to $178,000 CAD for experienced providers which are on call. [35] The physician assistant profession is newer to civilian practice in Canada. The compensation report published in 2019 by the Canadian Association of Physician Assistants outlines the typical salaries across Canada being an entry median salary of approximately $80,000 CAD and an experienced median salary of approximately $105,000 CAD. [36]

Regulation (Canada)

Physician assistants are currently practicing across Canada in the Canadian Armed Forces as commissioned officers in domestic and international environments and have been in practice since the 1960s. [37] Physician assistants outside of the Canadian Armed Forces practice usually in the public health care system in the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Alberta.[ citation needed ] Physician assistants have been regulated in Manitoba since 1999 and in New Brunswick since 2009 [38] and are registrants of their respective provincial college of physicians and surgeons. Physician assistants in Ontario were introduced in 2007 to the public health system as a joint venture between the Ontario Ministry of Health and the Ontario Medical Association. [39] In PEI, regulation has been mandatory since June 2023. In Alberta, PAs regulation is in effect since 2021. In Nova Scotia, regulation becomes compulsory since 2024. In Ontario, PAs will be regulated from 1 April 2025. In Saskatchewan, regulation for PAs is now in effect. Physician assistants are represented by the Canadian Association of Physician Assistants, which originally was formed in October 1999. [27] As of 2023, PAs scope of practice in Canada is described at their website:

The PA's scope of practice is determined on an individual basis and formally outlined in a practice contract or agreement between the supervising physician(s), the PA and often the facility or service where the PA will work. Activities may include conducting patient interviews, histories and physical examinations; performing selected diagnostic and therapeutic interventions or procedures; and counseling patients on preventive health care.[ citation needed ]

Germany

Physician Assistants / Associates were established in Germany as a degree course in 2005. ( de:Arztassistent [40] ). Recruitment had initially been slow, but as of 2019 there were said to be several hundred de:Arztassistenten in Germany.

India

The first PA program in India was established in 1992 with a focus on expanding cardiovascular surgery. Since then, eight additional programs have developed (in total seven baccalaureate and four master's level programs). [41] The profession is regulated by the National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.

Ireland

Physician Associates were introduced by the Health Service Executive in the mid-2010's. The Royal College of Surgeons has offered a PA postgraduate degree since 2016, [42] with 28 graduating by January 2021. [43] PAs may not write prescriptions. [43]

Israel

Physician Assistants were introduced in Israel in May 2016 to help augment a shrinking physician workforce. The initial training programs have been overseen by the ministry of health directly, but transition to academic training is planned.[ citation needed ] Israeli PA education is modeled after United States' and Netherlands' approaches, and has focused on former paramedics with bachelor's degrees.[ citation needed ] As of 2022, the 100 or so PAs in Israel work exclusively within Emergency Departments. While PA scope of practice includes many emergency procedures, Israeli PAs are not currently allowed to prescribe or administer medicine in non-emergency settings. [13]

New Zealand

In February 2015, Health Workforce New Zealand completed a Phase-2 trial of PAs who worked for a period of two years (2013–2015) in four clinical settings. [44] Specifically, the sites included one rural emergency department and three primary care settings (two rural and one urban) located on the North and South Islands of New Zealand. [44] At conclusion of the trial, several clinics continued to employ PAs while the process of health regulation makes its way through the government bureaucracy.[ citation needed ]

United Kingdom

The position of physician assistant was established in the United Kingdom in 2005. It evolved from that of physician assistant, developed in the US in the 1960s.[ citation needed ] In 2012, a group of physician assistants voted to change the name to physician associate, this title has been criticised, however, as it is similar to the title Associate Physician, which represents a senior medical doctor. Hillingdon Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust was asked to manage the recruitment of 200 physician associates who are expected to come from the US for 40 NHS trusts in September 2015. [45]

Physician Associates will be regulated by the General Medical Council from 13 December 2024. They are currently not able to prescribe or order tests which require ionising radiation. Legally, physician associates must practice under the supervision of a medical doctor/surgeon.

In July 2023 a motion was brought forward for discussion by the British Medical Association to rename PAs as Physician Assistants in the U.K. to avoid role confusion with Physicians and for them to be registered with the Health and Care Professions Council, however, the British Medical Association is a trade union for doctors and is not a regulatory body; it therefore has no statutory power to set a scope of practice, rename the profession or decide on a regulatory body. [46]

Faculty of Physician Associates, Royal College of Physicians (UK)

The Faculty of Physician Associates is currently the professional body for Physician Associates working in the United Kingdom.[ citation needed ] A joint venture between the Royal College of Physicians of London and the previous professional body, the United Kingdom Association of Physician Associates, the Faculty officially launched in July 2015, taking over all professional responsibilities.[ citation needed ] The Faculty oversees the managed voluntary register, which all practising associates are encouraged to join, and sets and runs the National Assessment Examination and National Recertification Examination which is optional for PAs. [47]

Scope of practice (UK)

In the United Kingdom, PAs are dependent practitioners, and they must practice under the supervision of a physician. [5] They perform tasks such as taking medical histories, ordering and interpreting laboratory tests. [48]

There is no nationally agreed upon scope of practice for Physician Associates in the United Kingdom as of 2024, despite them working in the United Kingdom for over a decade.

Regulation (UK)

The title physician associate is not a protected one before December 2024. Since June 2010, physician associates have been able to obtain membership of the Managed Voluntary Register for physician associates. [49] This database, run by PAs for PAs, aims to identify all qualified PAs who are able to practise. Its intent is to maintain high standards. [50] To remain on the voluntary register, physician associates are required to re-certify every 5–6 years. [51]

In 2018 Matt Hancock announced a plan to regulate PAs. The General Medical Council begins to regulate PAs on 13 December 2024. [52] [53]

Training (UK)

Training is through a two-year training programme (MSc) in Physician Associate Studies, although some PAs in the United Kingdom only hold a PgDip in Physician Associate Studies. As of 2017 at least 32 universities offered these programs:

Entry requirement vary, especially in terms of required first degree subject.[ citation needed ] For example, University of Bradford requires a 2:1 (or above) undergraduate degree in a Life Science, Biomedical Science, or Healthcare subject. Under exceptional circumstances, experience in healthcare practice may contribute/compensate absent the above requirements. [55]

United States

Nomenclature (US)

In accordance with the American Academy of Physician Associates (AAPA), the official title of the profession in the United States is "Physician Associate". [6] [65] While this is the official title used by the national organization, utilization of this title may vary on the state and local level based on state and local bylaws and policies. [66] Many hospital and healthcare systems still use physician assistant as titles, with some just resorting to using "PA" to avoid confusion with physicians. [67]

A physician assistant may use the initials "PA", "PA-C", "APA-C", "RPA" or "RPA-C", where the "-C" indicates "Certified" and the "R" indicates "Registered".[ citation needed ] The "R" designation is unique to a few states, mainly in the Northeast. APA stands for aeromedical physician assistant and indicates that a physician assistant successfully completed the US Army Flight Surgeon Primary Course. [68] During training, PA students are designated PA-S.[ citation needed ] The use of "PA-C" is limited to certified PAs who comply with the regulations of the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants and who have passed PANCE.[ citation needed ]

Students undertaking physician assistant or associate training may refer to themselves as a physician assistant student, physician associate student, student physician assistant or student physician associate.[ citation needed ] PA students may add "S" at the end of their student designation (PA-S).[ citation needed ] Students may also use the corresponding year of their training in their student designation.[ citation needed ] For example, students in the second year of their physician assistant or physician associate training may use (PA-S2) as their student designation.[ citation needed ]

The American Academy of Physician Associates has spent over $22 million since 2018 campaigning to change the word "assistant" to "associate" in the title of physician assistant. The campaign has been heavily criticized by physicians, but advocates argue that the revised title more accurately reflects the clinician's role on the patient care team. [69]

In the United States, the profession is represented by the American Academy of Physician Associates. All PAs must graduate from a nationally accredited ARC-PA[ clarification needed ] program as well as passing the national certification exam. [70] In 1970 the American Medical Association passed a resolution to develop educational guidelines and certification procedures for PAs. [71] The Duke University Medical Center Archives had established the Physician Assistant History Center, dedicated to the study, preservation, and presentation of the history of the profession. The PA History Center became its own institution in 2011, was renamed the PA History Society, and relocated to Johns Creek, Georgia. [72]

Education and certification (US)

As of May 2019, 243 accredited PA programs operated in the United States, with dozens more in development. [73] Most educational programs are graduate programs leading to the award of master's degrees in either Physician Assistant Studies, Health Science (Master of Health Science), or Medical Science (MMSc), and require a bachelor's degree and Graduate Record Examination or Medical College Admission Test scores for entry. The majority of PA programs in the United States employ the CASPA application for selecting students. [73] Professional licensure is regulated by state medical boards. PA students train at medical schools and academic medical centers across the country.

Physician Assistant Program at ODU Physician Assistant Program at ODU.jpg
Physician Assistant Program at ODU

PA education is based on medical education; [74] it typically requires 2 to 3 years of full-time graduate study like most master's degrees. [75] (Medical school lasts four years plus a specialty-specific residency.) Training consists of classroom and laboratory instruction in medical and behavioral sciences, followed by clinical rotations in internal medicine, family medicine, surgery, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, emergency medicine, and geriatric medicine, as well as elective rotations. [76] PAs are not required to complete residencies after they complete their schooling (unlike physicians). Postgraduate training programs are offered in certain specialties for PAs, though these are optional and shorter in length than medical residency. [77]

PA clinical postgraduate programs are clinical training programs that differ from on the job training given their inclusion of education and supervised clinical experience to meet learning objectives. [78] Montefiore Medical Center Postgraduate Surgical Physician Assistant Program was established in 1971 as the first recognized clinical postgraduate PA program. [78] 49 programs address specialties such as Neurology, Trauma/Critical Care and Oncology. 50 programs joined the Association of Postgraduate Physician Assistant Programs to establish educational standards for postgraduate PA programs. [78] [79]

In the United States, a graduate from an accredited PA program must pass the NCCPA-administered Physician Assistant National Certifying Exam (PANCE) before becoming a PA-C; this certification is required for licensure in all states. [80] The content of the exam is covered in the PANCE BLUEPRINT. In addition, a PA must log 100 Continuing Medical Education hours and reregister his or her certificate with the NCCPA every two years. Every ten years (formerly six years), a PA must also recertify by successfully completing the Physician Assistant National Recertifying Exam (PANRE) [81] There is a growing number of doctoral programs for certified PAs leading to a Doctor of Medical Science (DMSc) but there is no requirement for one to have a doctorate in order to practice. "National Physician Assistant Week" is celebrated annually in the US from October 6 through October 12. This week was chosen to commemorate the anniversary of the first graduating physician assistant class at Duke University on October 6, 1967. [82] October 6 is also the birthday of the profession's founder, Eugene A. Stead Jr., MD. [83]

Scope of practice (US)

Physician assistants have their own licenses with distinct scope of practice. [84] Each of the 50 states has different laws regarding the prescription of medications by PAs and the licensing authority granted to each category within that particular state through the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). [85] PAs in Kentucky and Puerto Rico are not allowed to prescribe any controlled substances. Several other states place a limit on the type of controlled substance or the quantity that can be prescribed, dispensed, or administered by a PA. [86] Depending upon the specific laws of any given state board of medicine, the PA must have a formal relationship on file with a collaborative physician. The collaborating physician must also be licensed in the state in which the PA is working, although he or she may physically be located elsewhere. Physician collaboration can be in person, by telecommunication systems or by other reliable means (for example, availability for consultation). In emergency departments the laws governing PA practice differ by state, generally allowing a broad scope of practice and limited direct supervision. [87]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, several state governments changed regulations regarding PA scope of practice, including:

  • On May 21, 2020, the law S.B. 1915 was signed by Oklahoma Governor Kevin Stitt. This law allows Physician Assistants to become primary care providers and receive direct pay from insurers. The reference of "supervision" was changed to "delegating" in regards to physician responsibility. This law also allows PAs to legally volunteer in the case of disaster or emergency. [88]
  • On May 27, 2020, Governor Tim Walz signed into Minnesota law the Omnibus Healthcare Bill S.F. 13. This law removes references to physician responsibility of supervision and delegation of care provided by PAs. The law also removes delegated prescriptive authority. [89]

Employment (US)

The first employer of PAs was the then-Veterans Administration, known today as the Department of Veterans Affairs. Today it is the largest single employer of PAs, employing nearly 2,000.[ citation needed ]

According to the AAPA, as of 2020 there are more than 148,560 certified PAs in the United States, up from 115,547 in 2016. [90]

Money magazine, in conjunction with Salary.com, listed the PA profession as the "fifth best job in America" in May 2006, based both on salary and job prospects, and on an anticipated 10-year job growth of 49.65%. [91] In 2010, CNN Money rated the physician assistant career as the number two best job in America. [92] In 2012, Forbes rated the physician assistant degree as the number one master's degree for jobs. [93] In 2015, Glassdoor rated physician assistant as the number one best job in America. [94] In 2021, U.S. News & World Report rated physician assistant as the number one best job in America. [95]

The US Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics report on PAs states, "...Employment of physician assistants is projected to grow 37 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations..." [96] This is due to several factors, including an expanding health care industry, an aging baby-boomer population, concerns for cost containment, and newly implemented restrictions to shorten physician resident work hours.

In the 2008 AAPA census, 56 percent of responding PAs worked in physicians' offices or clinics and 24 percent were employed by hospitals. [97] The remainder were employed in public health clinics, nursing homes, schools, prisons, home health care agencies, and the United States Department of Veterans Affairs [98] Fifteen percent of responding PAs work in counties classified as non-metropolitan by Economic Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture; [99] approximately 17% of the US population resides in these counties. [100]

For PAs in primary care practice, malpractice insurance policies with $100,000–300,000 in coverage can cost less than $600 per year; premiums are higher for PAs in higher-risk specialties. [101]

Compensation (US)

According to Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2020 the median pay for physician assistants working full-time was $115,390 per year or $55.48 per hour, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $162,470. [102] Physician assistants in emergency medicine, dermatology, and surgical subspecialties may earn up to $200,000 per year. [103]

Federal government, uniformed services, and US armed forces (US)

PAs are employed by the United States Department of State as foreign service health practitioners. PAs working in this capacity may be deployed anywhere in the world where there is a State Department facility.[ citation needed ] They provide primary care to US government employees and their families in American embassies and consulates around the world.[ citation needed ] An important part of their jobs is to get to know what resources are available locally that they can count on in an emergency. They have other important roles, such as advising their ambassadors on the health situation in the country and provide health education to the diplomatic community. In order to be considered for the position, these PAs must be licensed and have at least two years of recent experience in primary care. [104]

Physician Assistant in the US Army Physician Assistants DVIDS31599.jpg
Physician Assistant in the US Army

Military PAs serve in the White House Medical Unit, where they provide care to the president and vice president and their families as well as White House staff.[ citation needed ]

They are employed by several organizations with the intelligence community, specifically the Central Intelligence Agency. [105] While much of the job description is classified, they work under the Directorate of Support and are deployed to "austere environments" where they provide medical care, including trauma stabilization, and teach in the fields of survival, field medicine, and tactical combat casualty care. [105]

United States Army PAs serve as Medical Specialist Corps officers, typically within Army combat or combat support battalions located in the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and overseas. [106] These include infantry, armor, cavalry, airborne, artillery, and (if the PA qualifies) special forces units. They serve as the "front line" of Army medicine and along with combat medics are responsible for the total health care of soldiers assigned to their unit, as well as of their family members.[ citation needed ]

PAs also serve in the Air Force and Navy as clinical practitioners and aviation medicine specialists, as well as in the Coast Guard and Public Health Service. The skills required for these PAs are similar to that of their civilian colleagues, but additional training is provided in advanced casualty care, medical management of chemical injuries, aviation medicine, and military medicine.[ citation needed ] In addition, military PAs are also required to meet the officer commissioning requirements, and maintain the professional and physical readiness standards of their respective services. [107]

The marine physician assistant is a US Merchant Marine staff officer. A certificate of registry is granted through The United States Coast Guard National Maritime Center located in Martinsburg, West Virginia. [108] Formal training programs for marine physician assistants began in September, 1966 at the Public Service Health Hospital located in Staten Island, N.Y. [109]

South Korea

On 28 August 2024, the National Assembly passed a bill that would authorize some nurses to aid physicians: "The bill, which authorizes physician assistant nurses to support physicians during surgery and handle some duties presently reserved for doctors." [110]

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In the United Kingdom, operating department practitioners (ODPs) are allied healthcare professionals who are involved in the planning and delivery of perioperative care. As the name suggests, they are primarily employed in surgical operating departments, but they may also work directly within a variety of acute clinical settings, including pre-hospital emergency care, emergency departments, intensive care units (ICUs), endoscopy suites, interventional radiology, cardiac catheter suites, obstetric theatres and reproductive medicine.

Mid-level practitioners, also called non-physician practitioners, advanced practice providers, or commonly mid-levels, are health care providers who assess, diagnose, and treat patients but do not have formal education or certification as a physician. The scope of a mid-level practitioner varies greatly among countries and even among individual practitioners. Some mid-level practitioners work under the close supervision of a physician, while others function independently and have a scope of practice difficult to distinguish from a physician. The legal scope of practice for mid-level practitioners varies greatly among jurisdictions, with some having a restricted and well-defined scope, while others have a scope similar to that of a physician. Likewise, the training requirement for mid-level practitioners varies greatly between and within different certifications and licensures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emergency medical personnel in the United Kingdom</span> People engaged in the provision of emergency medical services

Emergency medical personnel in the United Kingdom are people engaged in the provision of emergency medical services. This includes paramedics, emergency medical technicians and emergency care assistants. 'Paramedic' is a protected title, strictly regulated by the Health and Care Professions Council, although there is tendency for the public to use this term when referring to any member of ambulance staff.

A clinical officer (CO) is a gazetted officer who is qualified and licensed to practice medicine.

A pathologists' assistant (PA) is a physician extender whose expertise lies in gross examination of surgical specimens as well as performing forensic, medicolegal, and hospital autopsies.

Certified anesthesiologist assistants (CAAs) are master’s degree level non-physician anesthesia care providers. CAAs are members of the anesthesia care team as described by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). This designation must be disambiguated from the Certified Clinical Anesthesia Assistant (CCAA) designation conferred by the Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists. All CAAs possess a baccalaureate degree, and complete an intensive didactic and clinical program at a postgraduate level. CAAs are trained in the delivery and maintenance of most types of anesthesia care as well as advanced patient monitoring techniques. The goal of CAA education is to guide the transformation of student applicants into competent clinicians.

In the United Kingdom, an anaesthesia associate (AA) is a healthcare worker who provides anaesthesia under the medical direction and supervision of a consultant anaesthetist. Anaesthesia associates are not doctors themselves, but rather enter the role by completing a 27-month full-time training programme which leads to the award of a postgraduate diploma, or alternatively a 24-month training programme via University College London leading to a master's degree. The University of Birmingham, University College London and Lancaster University deliver General Medical Council approved courses to qualify and register as an AA. It is classed as a medical associate profession. To be eligible, a candidate must have a previous degree in a biomedical or science subject, or recognised previous healthcare experience in another role. There is usually high demand for posts when advertised, with high application to places ratios. Recruitment is usually undertaken directly by the NHS employer, before enrolling with on a chosen course.

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