Policy of standardisation

Last updated December 07, 2024

The policy of standardization was a policy implemented by the Sri Lankan government in 1971^[1] to curtail the number of Tamil students selected for certain faculties in the universities.^[2]^[3]^[4] In 1972, the government added a district quota as a parameter within each language.^[1]

The reasoning for the law

Under the British rule, English was the state language and consequently greatly benefited English speakers. However the majority of Sri Lankan populace lived outside urban areas and did not belong to the social elite, and therefore did not enjoy the benefits of English-medium education. The issue was compounded further by the fact that in Jaffna, where a largely Tamil populace resided,^[5] students had access to English-medium education through American missionary schools.

In addition, many Tamils sought jobs in government service and the medical and engineering professions due to the lack of opportunities in the densely populated dry zone of Jaffna, where crop yields were low.^[2] As a result Tamil parents pressurised their children to master English, Mathematics and Science as a means to secure good employment, and to avoid a life of unemployment and hard labour.^[2] This created a situation where a large proportion of students enrolled in universities throughout the country were English-speaking Tamils and Sinhalese from urban centers like Colombo,^[5] particularly in professional courses such as medicine and engineering.

In the early 1970s, some Sinhalese complained of Tamils overrepresentation in universities, especially in engineering and the sciences.^[2]

Despite this, in 1979 over 21% of the illiterates in the Tamil districts had no schooling, compared to 23% for the country as a whole. The highest rates of literacy were found in the Sinhala wet zone districts such as Matara, Kalutara, Gampaha and Colombo districts. Compared to the national average, the Tamil districts had a lower percentage attending primary and secondary school. Despite only a measly 6.67% of the Indian Tamil population having secondary schooling, the government adopted no measures to create special ethnic quotas for them.^[2]

The implementation of the law

In 1971 the Sinhalese-led government introduced a system of standardisation of marks for admissions to the universities which was directed against Tamil-medium students. K. M. de Silva describes it as follows:^[3]

"The qualifying mark for admission to the medical faculties was 250 (out of 400) for Tamil students, whereas it was only 229 for the Sinhalese. Worse still, this same pattern of a lower qualifying mark applied even when Sinhalese and Tamil students sat for the examination in English. In short, students sitting for examinations in the same language, but belonging to two ethnic groups, had different qualifying marks."

Therefore, the government policy of standardisation was in essence a discriminatory regulation to curtail the number of Tamil students selected for certain faculties in the universities.^[3]^[2]

The benefits enjoyed by Sinhalese students as a result of this also meant a significant fall in the number of Tamil students within the Sri Lankan university student populace.

University selection of 1971 was allocated proportionate to the number of participants who sat for the entrance examination in that language. As guaranteed before the exam, Tamil share was reduced to the proportion of the Tamils medium students (according to 1971 census, 27% of the total population used Tamil as first medium).^[1]

According to 1971 exam results, a large proportion of the Tamil allocation was enjoyed by Tamils in Jaffna and a large proportion of the Sinhalese share was enjoyed by the Sinhalese in Colombo.

In 1972 government added district quota as a parameter within each languages.^[1] 30% of university places were allocated on the basis of island-wide merit; half the places were allocated on the basis of comparative scores within districts and an additional 15% reserved for students from under privileged districts.

A lower university entrance qualifying mark for Sinhalese-medium students was also introduced in 1971 for science faculties, as shown by the table below:^[4]

Course of study	Medium	Minimum marks, 1971
Engineering	Sinhalese Tamils	227 250
Medicine and Dentistry	Sinhalese Tamils	229 250
Bio-science	Sinhalese Tamils	175 181
Physical Sciences	Sinhalese Tamils	183 204

The effect of the law

The group worst effected by the policy were the Sri Lankan Tamils rather than the affluent Sinhalese of the rural and urban areas. Sinhalese historian C.R. de Silva stated that "ethnically there is little doubt that the major blow fell on Ceylon Tamils."^[4] K. M. de Silva observed that the discriminatory nature of the policy "caused enormous harm to ethnic relations."^[3]

In 1969, the Northern Province, which was largely populated by Tamils and comprised 7%^[6] of the country's population, provided 27.5% of the entrants to science-based courses in Sri Lankan universities. By 1974, this was reduced to 7%.^[5] However, Tamils as a whole were underrepresented in universities in 1970, with only 16% of the students being Tamils despite constituting 21.6% of the country's population.^[7] In 1969, the Western Province provided 67.5% of admissions to science-based courses. This reduced to 27% in 1974 after a further law came into effect in 1973.^[5]

The Indian Tamils had not gained from standardisation despite having "the poorest schooling facilities on the island".^[7]

Sri Lankan Tamil academic Ratnajeevan Hoole recounted the following in a letter to The Washington Times:^[8]

"I took the common Advanced Level exam in 1969 and was admitted to the engineering faculty. The government then redid the admissions after adding some 28 marks to the four-subject aggregate of Sinhalese students. I lost my seat. They effectively claimed that the son of a Sinhalese minister in an elite Colombo school was disadvantaged vis-a-vis a Tamil tea-plucker's son."

This was not the end; in 1972 the "district quota system" was introduced, again to the detriment of the Sri Lankan Tamil people. The Sinhalese historian C.R. de Silva wrote:^[3]

"By 1977 the issue of university admissions had become a focal point of the conflict between the government and Tamil leaders. Tamil youth, embittered by what they considered discrimination against them, formed the radical wing of the Tamil United Liberation Front. Many advocated the use of violence to establish a separate Tamil state of Eelam. It was an object lesson of how inept policy measures and insensitivity to minority interests can exacerbate ethnic tensions."

Singapore's founding Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, one of Asia's most respected statesmen, summarized the negative effect of the policy thus:^[9]

"When I went to Colombo for the first time in 1956 it was a better city than Singapore because Singapore had three-and-a-half years of Japanese occupation and Colombo was the centre or HQ of Mountbatten’s Southeast Asia command. And they had sterling reserves. They had two Universities. Before the war, a thick layer of educated talent. So if you believe what American liberals or British liberals used to say, then it ought to have flourished. But it didn’t. One-man one-vote led to the domination of the Sinhalese majority over the minority Tamils who were the active and intelligent fellows who worked hard and got themselves penalised. And English was out. They were educated in English. Sinhalese was in. They got quotas in two universities and now they have become fanatical Tigers. And the country will never be put together again."

Changing the standardization

The language based standardization of university entrance was abandoned in 1977, and introduced different standardization based on merits, district quotas. 80% of the university places were filled in accordance with raw marks scored by students. The remaining 20% of places was allocated to students in districts with inadequate educational facilities.^[5]

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References

1 2 3 4 The Root Causes of the Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka
1 2 3 4 5 6 Manogaran, Chelvadurai (1987). Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 116–121. ISBN 978-0-8248-1116-7.
1 2 3 4 5 Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam (1988). The Break-up of Sri Lanka: The Sinhalese-Tamil Conflict. London: Hurst. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-85065-033-1.
1 2 3 De Silva, C. R. (1979). "The Impact of Nationalism on Education: The Schools Take-Over (1961) and the University Admission Crisis 1970-1975". In Roberts, Michael (ed.). Collective Identities, Nationalisms, and Protest in Modern Sri Lanka. Colombo: Marga Institute. p. 486.
1 2 3 4 5 Jayasuriya, J. E. (1981). Education in the Third World. Pune: Indian Institute of Education. OCLC 7925123.
↑ Department of Census and Statistics, Population by district, size, intercensal increase and average growth rates
1 2 De Silva, C.R. (1974). "Weightage in University Admissions: Standardisation and District Quotas in Sri Lanka". Modern Ceylon Studies. 5 (2): 152–178.
↑ The Washington Times, Sunday Feb. 24, 2008, 'In response to the article by Bernard Goonetilleke (Sri Lanka's Ambassador to Washington DC) in The Washington Times dated Feb. 17, 2008'
↑ Jayatilleka, Dayan (13 February 2020). "Learning Lee Kuan Yew's lessons for Lanka". Daily FT. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022.

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[worldbank_pub-1] 1 2 3 4 The Root Causes of the Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka

[Manogaran-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Manogaran, Chelvadurai (1987). Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 116–121. ISBN 978-0-8248-1116-7.

[Wilson-3] 1 2 3 4 5 Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam (1988). The Break-up of Sri Lanka: The Sinhalese-Tamil Conflict. London: Hurst. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-85065-033-1.

[DeSilva1979-4] 1 2 3 De Silva, C. R. (1979). "The Impact of Nationalism on Education: The Schools Take-Over (1961) and the University Admission Crisis 1970-1975". In Roberts, Michael (ed.). Collective Identities, Nationalisms, and Protest in Modern Sri Lanka. Colombo: Marga Institute. p. 486.

[jej-e3w-5] 1 2 3 4 5 Jayasuriya, J. E. (1981). Education in the Third World. Pune: Indian Institute of Education. OCLC 7925123.

[dos-pds-6] Department of Census and Statistics, Population by district, size, intercensal increase and average growth rates

[CRDSilva-7] 1 2 De Silva, C.R. (1974). "Weightage in University Admissions: Standardisation and District Quotas in Sri Lanka". Modern Ceylon Studies. 5 (2): 152–178.

[8] The Washington Times, Sunday Feb. 24, 2008, 'In response to the article by Bernard Goonetilleke (Sri Lanka's Ambassador to Washington DC) in The Washington Times dated Feb. 17, 2008'

[9] Jayatilleka, Dayan (13 February 2020). "Learning Lee Kuan Yew's lessons for Lanka". Daily FT. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022.

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