Post-PC era

Last updated
A selection of Apple devices, including various iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch models; all of which are considered to be examples of "post-PC devices". The iOS family pile (2012).jpg
A selection of Apple devices, including various iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch models; all of which are considered to be examples of "post-PC devices".

The post-PC era was a market trend observed during the late 2000s and early 2010s involving a decline in the sales of personal computers (PCs) in favor of post-PC devices; which include mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers as well as other mobile computers such as wearable and ubiquitous ones. These devices emphasize portability and connectivity, including the use of cloud-based services, more focused "apps" to perform tasks, and the ability to synchronize information between multiple devices seamlessly.

Contents

The term was first coined by MIT scientist David D. Clark. While both Microsoft's and Apple's former CEOs Bill Gates and Steve Jobs also predicted a shift towards mobile devices as the primary method of computing, as a complement to the PC, Jobs popularized the term "post-PC" in 2007 (the launch of the first iPhone), and in 2011 launched iCloud, a service enabling Apple's product line to synchronize data with PCs through cloud services, freeing their iOS devices from dependency on a PC.

Towards the middle of the 2010s, media sources began to question the existence of the post-PC era, at least as conventionally defined, stating that the so-called post-PC devices are just other portable forms of PCs joining traditional desktop PCs which still have their own operation areas and evolve. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] For example, gaming PCs are often considered still popular for many users. [6] [7]

However, despite the debate surrounding the post-PC era, there's no denying the continued evolution of computing devices. Alongside the rise of smartphones and tablets, another significant technological advancement has been the development of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) devices.

AR and VR technologies have gained traction in various industries, including gaming, entertainment, education, healthcare, and enterprise. AR overlays digital information onto the real world, enhancing the user's perception of their environment. On the other hand, VR immerses users in a completely virtual environment, often through the use of headsets or goggles.

Companies like Oculus (owned by Meta, formerly Facebook), HTC, Sony, and Apple have been at the forefront of VR hardware development, releasing headsets such as the Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, PlayStation VR, and Vision Pro Index. These devices offer immersive gaming experiences, virtual tourism, training simulations, and more.

In the realm of AR, technologies like Microsoft's HoloLens and Google Glass have paved the way for applications in fields like engineering, architecture, and navigation. These devices can overlay digital information onto real-world objects, providing contextual information and enhancing productivity.

Moreover, the convergence of AR and VR with other emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is opening up new possibilities. For instance, AR glasses equipped with AI capabilities can provide real-time language translation, object recognition, and personalized recommendations based on user preferences.

As these technologies continue to mature and become more accessible, they have the potential to reshape how we interact with computers and the digital world. Whether it's through immersive gaming experiences, enhanced productivity tools, or innovative solutions in healthcare and education, AR and VR are poised to play a significant role in the future of computing.

History

The term "post PC" was first used by David D. Clark in 1999; considering the future of computing to be "inevitably heterogeneous" and a "network full of services". Clark described a world where "everything" would be able to connect to the internet (including watches and toasters), computing would primarily be done through information appliances, and data would be stored by centralized hosting services instead of on physical disks. [8]

In a 1999 op-ed piece for Newsweek , Microsoft's CEO Bill Gates predicted a landscape he dubbed "PC Plus", where personal computers would be used alongside devices which would seamlessly synchronize data (such as calendar events, files, e-mails, etc.) from a PC for easier accessibility from where a user would need it. [9] At Macworld Expo in 2001, not long after the dot-com bubble burst and amidst industry-wide angst over the future of the PC, Apple founder and CEO Steve Jobs announced a strategy seeing a PC (specifically, the Macintosh) serving as a "digital hub" for future mobile devices (such as its iPod MP3 player). Jobs stated that "We don't think the PC is dying at all. We don't think the PC is moving from the center at all. We think it's evolving. Just like it has since it was invented in 1975 and '76." [10] [11]

At an interview alongside Bill Gates at the 5th All Things Digital conference in 2007, Steve Jobs further described a concept similar to Gates' "PC Plus" known as a "post-PC device"; "a category of devices that aren't as general purpose, that are really more focused on specific functions, whether they're phones or iPods or Zunes or what have you. And I think that category of devices is going to continue to be very innovative and we're going to see lots of them". Jobs felt that despite these developments, PCs would "continue to be with us and morph with us, whether it's a tablet or a notebook or, you know, a big curved desktop that you have at your house or whatever it might be." Gates suggested the prevalence of multiple form factors for such devices, including full-sized tablets, small phones, and 10-foot experiences for the living room. [9]

In June 2010, at the D8 conference, while being interviewed by Walt Mossberg and Kara Swisher, Jobs compared tablets and PCs to cars and trucks, saying "[PCs are] still going to be around. They’re still going to have a lot of value. But they’re going to be used by like one out of x people" while predicting that the vast majority of people will eventually use tablets as a primary computing device, analogous to the majority of people who drive cars. [12] Directly conflicting Apple's previous "digital hub" strategy centered around the Macintosh PC, Steve Jobs unveiled Apple's iCloud platform in 2011, which provides cloud storage for data that can be automatically synced between iOS products and PCs. iOS 5, released concurrently with iCloud, also removed the platform's dependency on a PC for first-time setup, syncing, and software updates. [13] Jobs explained that iCloud would replace the PC as the "hub" for a user's devices with online servers —all of a user's devices, including a PC, would be able to automatically synchronize and access media and other files between platforms. Apple's current CEO Tim Cook continued to elaborate on the concept that a PC would no longer have to be the center of one's digital life, considering them to be a "device" on the same level as any portable device that a particular user owns. Cook also explained that mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones would be "more portable, more personal and dramatically easier to use than any PC has ever been". [9] [14]

Technologically, Jason Perlow compared post-PC devices to the centralized mainframe-based computer systems of 1970s—but enhanced by the use of cloud computing to provide a more flexible and heterogeneous infrastructure for online services to run on, and the use of desktop virtualization to serve PC-only applications when needed as businesses shift towards apps. Matt Baxter-Reynolds felt that the main selling point of post-PC devices are their lack of functionality; believing that their more simplistic and secure design make them less intimidating to use for consumers in comparison to a traditional PC, their lack of keyboard (unlike laptops) contribute to better portability, and also noted their emphasis on connectivity as well. [15] [16]

In 2014, Sony had sold off its PC division and VAIO brand. [17] This, along with a drop in sales, led many to speculate the PC market was dying. [18] [19] However, the PC market did experience some periods of growth in the 2010s as well, leading many to claim the exact opposite. [20] PC gaming grew 8% in 2012 alone and is expected to continue growing. [21] In the second quarter of 2014, PC sales began to rise again. [22] Growth of the PC compatible market was driven by strong sales of portable PCs in 2014. [23]

Proponents

During an event that unveiled the 3rd generation iPad, Tim Cook reported that Apple had sold 172 million iPod, iPhone, and iPad products in 2011 alone (totaling 76% of the company's total revenue), and had sold more iPad tablets during the fourth quarter of 2011 than personal computers were sold worldwide. [14] [24] Likewise in the third quarter of 2012, worldwide PC sales dropped by 8.6% in comparison to 2011, [25] and in July 2013, Gartner reported that the number of worldwide PC shipments had fallen for the fifth quarter in a row, marking the longest decline in the history of the PC industry. [15] [26] The threat of post-PC devices have also affected the producers of the x86 processors typically used by PCs; many smartphones and tablets use low-power ARM processors manufactured by companies such as Nvidia and Qualcomm instead of the x86 processors sold by companies such as Intel and AMD. [27] The decline in PC sales has directly affected the sales of their processors; while Intel continued to gain market share over AMD in the third quarter of 2012, worldwide shipments of processors also declined by 9% in comparison to the third quarter of 2011. [25]

Several sources, including The Economist , have identified Amazon, Apple, Google and Microsoft as the four platform cloud companies which will be the key competitors in the post-PC era of mobile computing. [28] [29] [30] Tech companies with a heavy dependency on PC sales such as Hewlett-Packard and Dell have seen decreased profits, while IBM has also struggled due to slowing demand for hardware and consulting services. [31] [32] [33]

Detractors

Despite the decrease in PC sales, desktop computers and laptops still made up 84% of the global Web traffic as of March 2013. [34] At its Worldwide Partner Conference in 2012, Microsoft's COO Kevin Turner attacked Tim Cook's declaration of a post-PC era for being "completely incorrect", and described its then-upcoming Windows 8 operating system as a "game-changer" for Bill Gates' "PC plus" landscape. Unlike Apple, whose mobile and PC devices both use different operating systems (iOS and OS X), Windows 8 was designed to accommodate both traditional PCs and tablets through its use of an updated interface optimized for touchscreen use, and its introduction of Windows Store, a service similar to the App Store for obtaining touch-optimized software. As a complement, Microsoft also introduced Windows RT, a special stripped down variant of the operating system built for devices that use the ARM architecture commonly used in smartphones and tablets. While Windows 8 devices (including tablets) are closer in nature to traditional PCs, Windows RT was designed to be a more closed down and "reliable" platform (closer in nature to other post-PC devices such as the iPad), and aside from included desktop programs such as Internet Explorer 10 and Office 2013, can only run apps. [16] [35] [36]

During a presentation in January 2012, Intel's senior vice president Tom Kilroy questioned the arrival of a post-PC era, citing a survey of college students where 66% of its respondents still considered the PC to be the "most important" device in their daily lives. In 2011, Intel introduced Ultrabook—specifications and a marketing platform for a class of subnotebook with an emphasis on portability, responsiveness, productivity, and long-lasting battery life. [37] In 2012, Intel introduced new Atom system-on-chip designs for Android smartphones and Windows 8 tablets, codenamed "Medfield" and "Clover Trail" respectively. Intel stated that Clover Trail tablets could achieve "all-day" battery life, and unlike Windows RT devices, still provide backward compatibility with applications designed for previous versions of Windows. [27] [38] Windows 8 also spurred OEM interest in "convertible" devices, a form factor of devices that can act as either a laptop or tablet, often by having a keyboard accessory they can be docked upon. [39]

While Google already produces the Android operating system used by many tablets and smartphones, it also introduced ChromeOS —an operating system designed for personal computing built around its popular Chrome web browser, in 2009. Primarily shipping on netbooks known as Chromebooks, ChromeOS is designed for users who frequently use web applications and cloud-based services (such as Google's own Play and Drive)—all of its "applications" are web applications, and the OS itself formerly used only a fullscreen web browser as its shell until an update in 2012, which introduced a desktop environment closer to that of other operating systems. [40] [41]

Windows RT was ultimately cannibalized by low-end tablets running the standard Windows 8 operating system—a market incentivised by Microsoft's decision to optimize Windows 8.1 for these devices, and drop Windows OEM license fees on devices with screens smaller than 9 inches in size. By 2015, Microsoft had quietly mothballed Windows RT by ending the production of its remaining first-party devices. [42] [43] [44] Windows 10 revised Microsoft's mobile strategy by focusing on unification of functionality between device classes, including an extension of Windows 8's app platform that allows software to be coded to support multiple device classes running a Windows 10-based operating system, [45] and tailoring its user experience based on available input devices—particularly on "convertible" laptops and tablets. Microsoft also presented Windows 10 Mobile, an iteration of Windows Phone for smartphones and tablets; the platform supports the ability for devices to be attached to an external display via a docking station, which allows use of a PC-like interface with USB mouse and keyboard support. [46] [47] [48] [49] [ needs update ]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphical user interface</span> User interface allowing interaction through graphical icons and visual indicators

A graphical user interface, or GUI, is a form of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation. In many applications, GUIs are used instead of text-based UIs, which are based on typed command labels or text navigation. GUIs were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of command-line interfaces (CLIs), which require commands to be typed on a computer keyboard.

Microsoft Windows is a product line of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Microsoft. It is grouped into families and sub-families that cater to particular sectors of the computing industry -- Windows (unqualified) for a consumer or corporate workstation, Windows Server for a server and Windows IoT for an embedded system. Defunct families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile, Windows Phone, and Windows Embedded Compact.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Desktop computer</span> Computer designed to be used at a fixed location

A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a stationary location on or near a desk due to its size and power requirements. The most common configuration has a case that houses the power supply, motherboard, disk storage ; a keyboard and mouse for input; and a monitor, speakers, and, often, a printer for output. The case may be oriented horizontally or vertically and placed either underneath, beside, or on top of a desk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pocket PC</span> Obsolete type of computer, similar to smartphones

A Pocket PC is a class of personal digital assistant (PDA) that runs the Windows Mobile or Windows Embedded Compact operating system that has some of the abilities of modern desktop PCs. The name was introduced by Microsoft in 2000 as a rebranding of the Palm-size PC category. Some of these devices also had integrated phone and data capabilities, which were called Pocket PC Phone Edition. Windows "Smartphone" is another Windows CE based platform for non-touch flip phones or dumber phones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Smartphone</span> Handheld mobile device

A smartphone is a mobile device that combines the functionality of a traditional mobile phone with advanced computing capabilities. It typically has a touchscreen interface, allowing users to access a wide range of applications and services, such as web browsing, email, and social media, as well as multimedia playback and streaming. Smartphones also have built-in cameras, GPS navigation, and support for various communication methods, including voice calls, text messaging, and internet-based messaging apps.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Netbook</span> Class of small and inexpensive laptops

A netbook is a small and inexpensive laptop designed primarily as a means of accessing the Internet. Netbooks were sold from 2007 until around 2013, when the widespread advent of smartphones and tablets eclipsed their popularity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windows Mobile</span> Family of mobile operating systems by Microsoft (2000-2013)

Windows Mobile is a discontinued mobile operating system developed by Microsoft for smartphones and personal digital assistants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tablet computer</span> Mobile computer with integrated display, circuitry and battery

A tablet computer, commonly shortened to tablet, is a mobile device, typically with a mobile operating system and touchscreen display processing circuitry, and a rechargeable battery in a single, thin and flat package. Tablets, being computers, have similar capabilities, but lack some input/output (I/O) abilities that others have. Modern tablets largely resemble modern smartphones, the only differences being that tablets are relatively larger than smartphones, with screens 7 inches (18 cm) or larger, measured diagonally, and may not support access to a cellular network. Unlike laptops, tablets usually run mobile operating systems, alongside smartphones.

The usage share of operating systems is the percentage of computers that run a certain operating system (OS) at any particular time. All such figures are necessarily estimates because gathering data on OS usage is difficult on a meaningful scale. There are few reliable primary sources and no agreed methodologies for its collection.

A mobile operating system is an operating system used for smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, smartglasses, or other non-laptop personal mobile computing devices. While computers such as typical/mobile laptops are "mobile", the operating systems used on them are generally not considered mobile, as they were originally designed for desktop computers that historically did not have or need specific mobile features. This line distinguishing mobile and other forms has become blurred in recent years, due to the fact that newer devices have become smaller and more mobile unlike hardware of the past. Key notabilities blurring this line are the introduction of tablet computers, light-weight laptops, and the hybridization of the two in 2-in-1 PCs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windows Phone</span> Family of mobile operating systems developed by Microsoft

Windows Phone (WP) is a discontinued mobile operating system developed by Microsoft for smartphones as the replacement successor to Windows Mobile and Zune. Windows Phone featured a new user interface derived from the Metro design language. Unlike Windows Mobile, it was primarily aimed at the consumer market rather than the enterprise market.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Personal computer</span> Computer intended for use by an individual person

A personal computer, often referred to as a PC, is a computer designed for individual use. It is typically used for tasks such as word processing, internet browsing, email, multimedia playback, and gaming. Personal computers are intended to be operated directly by an end user, rather than by a computer expert or technician. Unlike large, costly minicomputers and mainframes, time-sharing by many people at the same time is not used with personal computers. The term home computer has also been used, primarily in the late 1970s and 1980s. The advent of personal computers and the concurrent Digital Revolution have significantly affected the lives of people in all countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mini PC</span> Low power, small and cheap computer meant for light tasks

A mini PC is a small-sized, inexpensive, low-power, legacy-free desktop computer designed for basic tasks such as web browsing, accessing web-based applications, document processing, and audio/video playback.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windows 8</span> Operating system released by Microsoft in 2012

Windows 8 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on August 1, 2012, and was made available for download via MSDN and TechNet on August 15, 2012. Nearly three months after its initial release, it finally made its first retail appearance on October 26, 2012.

The history of tablet computers and the associated special operating software is an example of pen computing technology, and thus the development of tablets has deep historical roots. The first patent for a system that recognized handwritten characters by analyzing the handwriting motion was granted in 1914. The first publicly demonstrated system using a tablet and handwriting recognition instead of a keyboard for working with a modern digital computer dates to 1956.

Atom is a system on a chip (SoC) platform designed for smartphones and tablet computers, launched by Intel in 2012. It is a continuation of the partnership announced by Intel and Google on September 13, 2011 to provide support for the Android operating system on Intel x86 processors. This range competes with existing SoCs developed for the smartphone and tablet market from companies such as Texas Instruments, Nvidia, Qualcomm and Samsung. Unlike these companies, which use ARM-based CPUs designed from the beginning to consume very low power, Intel has adapted the x86-based Intel Atom line of CPU developed for low power usage in netbooks, to even lower power usage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windows RT</span> 2012 device-oriented operating system from Microsoft

Windows RT is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft. It is a version of Windows 8 or Windows 8.1 built for the 32-bit ARM architecture (ARMv7). First unveiled in January 2011 at Consumer Electronics Show, the Windows RT 8 operating system was officially launched alongside Windows 8 on October 26, 2012, with the release of three Windows RT-based devices, including Microsoft's original Surface tablet. Unlike Windows 8, Windows RT is only available as preloaded software on devices specifically designed for the operating system by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windows 10 Mobile</span> Mobile operating system developed by Microsoft

Windows 10 Mobile is a discontinued mobile operating system developed by Microsoft. First released in 2015, it is a successor to Windows Phone 8.1, but was marketed by Microsoft as being an edition of its PC operating system Windows 10.

Comparison of user features of operating systems refers to a comparison of the general user features of major operating systems in a narrative format. It does not encompass a full exhaustive comparison or description of all technical details of all operating systems. It is a comparison of basic roles and the most prominent features. It also includes the most important features of the operating system's origins, historical development, and role.

References

  1. ↑ "Why the Much-Hyped Post-PC Era Never Arrived". eweek.com.
  2. ↑ tomwarren (9 August 2015). "There's no such thing as post-PC". The Verge. Vox Media.
  3. ↑ Darren Orf (11 August 2014). "So What Ever Happened to Post-PC?". Gizmodo. Gawker Media.
  4. ↑ "The 'Post-PC Era' Never Really Happened…and Likely Won't". Tech.pinions. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
  5. ↑ Epps, Sarah Rotman. "The Post-PC Era: It's Real, But It Doesn't Mean What You Think". Forbes . Retrieved 2020-10-02.
  6. ↑ Torres, JC (2015-08-20). "Forget post-PC: are we already in a post-Desktop era?". SlashGear. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
  7. ↑ Kingsley-Hughes, Adrian. "What will the PC look like in the post-PC era?". ZDNet . Retrieved 2020-10-02.
  8. ↑ Lohr, Steve (18 April 1999). "Is Mr. Gates Pouring Fuel On His Rivals' Fire?". New York Times. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 "Fighting words: Apple's 'Post-PC' and Microsoft's 'PC Plus' were never that different". The Verge. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  10. ↑ Caulfield, Brian (3 June 2011). "A Decade After Steve Jobs Positioned Mac As A 'Digital Hub,' iCloud Could Bury PC". Forbes. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  11. ↑ "Steve Jobs as Apple's CEO: a retrospective in products". The Verge. 25 August 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  12. ↑ nilaypatel (4 November 2013). "iPad Air review". The Verge. Vox Media.
  13. ↑ Friedman, Lex (2011-06-06). "WWDC: Apple unveils iOS 5". Macworld. IDG Consumer & SMB. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
  14. 1 2 Carmody, Tim (7 March 2012). "Fighting Words: What Apple Means When It Says 'Post-PC'". Wired. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  15. 1 2 Perlow, Jason. "Post-PC era means mass extinction for personal computer OEMs". ZDNet.
  16. 1 2 Baxter-Reynolds, Matt. "What exactly is a 'post-PC device' anyway?". ZDNet. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  17. ↑ "Sayonara, VAIO: Sony sells off PC business to focus on mobile". PCWorld. 6 February 2014.
  18. ↑ Mark Rogowsky (3 December 2013). "The PC Is Dying, The Only Question Is How Fast". Forbes.
  19. ↑ "No, Really, the PC Is Dying and It's Not Coming Back". WIRED. 13 March 2015.
  20. ↑ Hoffman, Chris (26 February 2014). "Are PCs Dying? Of Course Not, Here's Why". How-To Geek. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  21. ↑ Gasior, Geoff (28 March 2013). "PC gaming market grew 8% in 2012". The Tech Report. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  22. ↑ Phillips, Matt (16 June 2014). "Long thought dead, PC sales are coming back". Quartz. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  23. ↑ "DailyTech - IDC: 2014 Sales Show PC Isn't Dead, But Desktop May be Dying". dailytech.com.
  24. ↑ "Apple's Cook: 172 million 'post-PC' devices in the last year". CNET. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  25. 1 2 "x86 processor shipments drop steeply in third quarter as Intel gains on AMD". PC World. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  26. ↑ "PC sales see 'longest decline' in history". BBC News. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  27. 1 2 "Can Intel Challenge ARM's Mobile Dominance?". Forbes. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
  28. ↑ Vance, Ashlee (3 March 2011). "The Cloud: Battle of the Tech Titans". Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.
  29. ↑ "Technology Giants at War: Another Game of Thrones". The Economist . 1 December 2012.
  30. ↑ "Technological deathmatch: Amazon, Apple, Google and Microsoft face off - ExtremeTech". ExtremeTech.
  31. ↑ Ricadela, Aaron (19 April 2013). "Microsoft, IBM Struggle to Manage Mobile-Computing Shift". Bloomberg Businessweek.
  32. ↑ Vance, Ashlee (15 November 2013). "IBM Faces a Crisis In the Cloud". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on November 15, 2013.
  33. ↑ Cardinal, David (19 September 2012). "Technological deathmatch: Amazon, Apple, Google and Microsoft face off". Extreme Tech.
  34. ↑ Shankland, Stephen (2012-05-09). "Microsoft bans Firefox on ARM-based Windows, Mozilla says". CNET. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  35. ↑ "Microsoft: Apple has it wrong, it's a PC+ era". The Verge . 11 July 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  36. ↑ Melanie, Pinola. "Intel: Ultrabooks Offer More Choice, Better Value Than MacBook Air or iPad". PC World. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  37. ↑ Miller, Michael. "Intel Refutes "Post-PC" Talk, Introduces Ivy Bridge and Ultrabooks". PC Magazine. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  38. ↑ "It's a tablet! It's a laptop! It's a laplet! It's a tabtop!". Tech Radar. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  39. ↑ Krazit, Tom (November 20, 2009). "Brin: Google's OSes likely to converge". CNET News. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
  40. ↑ Barton, Mike (1 June 2012). "New Chromebooks: Has the Post PC-Era Arrived?". Wired. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  41. ↑ "Microsoft making Windows free on devices with screens under 9 inches". The Verge. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  42. ↑ "Upcoming Windows RT update will include new Start menu and lock screen". The Verge. 9 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  43. ↑ "Is Windows RT dead? Microsoft stops making Nokia Lumia 2520". PC World. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  44. ↑ Domingo, Michael (May 1, 2015). "Inside the Universal Windows Platform Bridges". Visual Studio Magazine. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  45. ↑ "Your Windows 10 phone can turn into a full PC". The Verge. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  46. ↑ "Microsoft has 'tailored' version of Windows 10 for phones, tablets". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  47. ↑ Savov, Vlad (21 January 2015). "Windows 10 makes its phone debut". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  48. ↑ Warren, Tom (30 September 2014). "Windows 10 is the official name for Microsoft's next version of Windows". The Verge . Vox Media.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.