Powered hang glider

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A foot-launched powered hang glider WikipediaHangmotor.jpg
A foot-launched powered hang glider

A foot-launched powered hang glider (FLPHG), also called powered harness, nanolight , or hangmotor, is a powered hang glider harness with a motor and propeller often in pusher configuration, although some can be found in tractor configuration. An ordinary hang glider is used for its wing and control frame, and the pilot can foot-launch from a hill or from flat ground, needing a length of about a football field to get airborne, or much less if there is an oncoming breeze and no obstacles.

Contents

History

Adding propulsion

While powered microlights (ultralights) developed from hang gliding in the late 1970s, they were also a return to the type of low-speed aircraft that were common in the earlier years of aviation, but which were superseded as both civil and military aircraft pursued more speed. [1] For a second time in aviation history, during the 1970s, motorization of simple gliders, especially those portable and foot-launched, became the goal of many inventors and gradually, small wing-mounted power packs were adapted. These early experiments went largely unrecorded, even in log books, let alone the press, because the pioneers were uncomfortably aware that the addition of an engine made the craft liable to registration, airworthiness legislation, and the pilot liable to expensive licensing and probably, insurance. Inventors from Australia, France and England produced several successful microlight motor gliders in the early 1970s [2] and very few were portable wings.

Don Mitchell

Surprisingly, what really launched the powered ultralight aviation movement in the United States was not the Rogallo flexible wing but a whole series of rigid-wing motorized hang gliders. [3] The Icarus V flying wing appeared with its tip rudders and swept-back style wing was used as a base for some powered experiments. Differently, a rigid biplane designed also by teenager Taras Kiceniuk Jr., the Icarus II was a foundation for a modification in Larry Mauro's UFM Easy Riser biplane [4] that started to sell in large numbers; Larry Mauro would power his tail-less biplane; one version was solar powered, called the Solar Riser. Hang gliding record holder Don Mitchell [5] fitted his Mitchell Wing B-10 with a motor, [6] though the pilot still had to use their legs as undercarriage, an arrangement which persisted until he designed the B-10 Mitchell Wing. [7]

Barry Palmer

In 1963, and during his free time, aeronautical engineer Barry Palmer built and experimented with a foot-launched powered hang glider at Bloomfield, Connecticut. It was powered by a 7 hp (5 kW) West Bend engine and mounted on top of a Rogallo-type flexible wing hang glider; the propeller was 3 feet (1 m) in diameter and was made of balsa wood, covered with fiberglass and mounted in pusher configuration. However, the engine was quite underpowered and the craft could not achieve flight. [8] It is now estimated that a modern flexible Rogallo wing hang glider requires at least 6 hp (4 kW) at the prop shaft and about 45 lbf (200 N) of thrust just to maintain level flight. During 1967, Barry Palmer built what is likely the first weight-shift powered trike aircraft. [9]

John Moody

John Moody's powered Icarus II in Southeastern Wisconsin Aviation Museum John Moody's powered Icarus II.jpg
John Moody's powered Icarus II in Southeastern Wisconsin Aviation Museum

On March 15, 1975, John Moody successfully added a 12.5 hp (9 kW) West Bend engine with a 71 cm (28 in) propeller to an UFM Easy Riser biplane hang glider designed by Larry Mauro. Moody opened the throttle and ran until he lifted from the frozen surface of a lake west of Racine, Wisconsin, and he flew for 30 minutes. [11] [12] Then on July 27, 1976, John Moody demonstrated [13] ultralight aviation at the annual EAA fly-in convention in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, with a foot launched McCulloch 101 powered Icarus II [14] in front of thousands of spectators, starting the modern ultralight aviation revolution in the United States. Later, he added wheels to the aircraft and by the end of 1979, there were almost 100 competing companies selling powered ultralights (microlights) but very few were foot-launchable.

Soarmaster standard FLPHG power unit Soarmaster standard flphg power unit.jpg
Soarmaster standard FLPHG power unit

Terry Sweeney

In 1977, Terry Sweeney developed a twintube kingpost mount for attaching an engine to a Rogallo-type flex-wing glider. He envisioned that this would enable hang gliders to make 1,000 mile flights over several days on 10 gallons of gas. However, the kingpost mount proved to be quite dangerous in turbulent conditions. [15]

Jerzy Kolecki

In 1979, a powered backpack called the Motolotnia - White Eagle, designed by Jerzy Kolecki, became available for sale. [16] [17] [18] It consisted of a 90 cc McCulloch chainsaw engine with a direct drive 61 cm (24") wooden prop, producing a quoted 77 lbf (340 N) of thrust; the rate of climb was about 150 ft/min (0.76 m/s) and flight duration was limited by the small fuel tank and engine overheating after several minutes.

Other powered harnesses to reach the market in the 1980s were The Ranger [19] and the Relax 220. [20]

Others

The JetBug, UK, 2003 Jetbug.jpg
The JetBug, UK, 2003

By 2008, there were a few harness designs similar to the Swedish Aerosport Mosquito, each sporting unique strengths, and produced by other FLPHG manufacturers. [21] The latest generation of powered harnesses bear names such as Wasp, [22] Flylight Doodle Bug, [23] Raven, [24] X1, [25] Zenon, [26] Airtime Explorer, [27] Fillo, [28] and Flyped. [29]

World records

La Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) is the international standard-setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics, so it also oversees the official records by foot-launched powered hang gliders, currently under the RWF1 category. [30]

Unofficial records

Unofficial FLPHG World Records – Confirmed but not validated by the FAI.

Gerry Breen - London to Paris in FLPHG (August 25, 1979) Foot-launched powered hang glider (1979).jpg
Gerry Breen - London to Paris in FLPHG (August 25, 1979)
Patrick Laverty - altitude world record: 5,348 metres (17,546 ft), U.K., May 24, 2009 Laverty Patrick. May 24, 2009.JPG
Patrick Laverty - altitude world record: 5,348 metres (17,546 ft), U.K., May 24, 2009

Systems

Currently, there are two harness configurations: prone (face down) and sitting. Both configurations allow the pilot to takeoff and land on their feet. Foot-launched powered hang glider (FLPHG) harnesses are built around a light metal frame with the engine and propeller mounted on the rear in a pusher configuration. Current powered harnesses weigh 22–32 kg (50-70 lb) not including the safety parachute and fuel, and fold neatly into a 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) long harness bag with a handle. Most powered harnesses in production are equipped with the Radne Raket 120 two stroke engine which is based on Husqvarna XP3120 chainsaw parts. It has a displacement of 118 cubic centimetres (7.2 cu in) and produces about 15 hp (11 kW) at 8900 RPM if equipped with a tuned exhaust; when coupled to a 1:3.5 belt-driven reduction drive and a 52" x 22" propeller, it produces about 100 lbf (440 N) of static thrust. For heavy pilots or pilots operating from higher than 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) MSL fields, a powered harness equipped with an 18 hp (13 kW) engine is recommended. [38]

Electric motors

Timeline for electric-powered foot-launched gliders

Patents

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hang gliding</span> Unpowered glider air sport

Hang gliding is an air sport or recreational activity in which a pilot flies a light, non-motorised, heavier-than-air aircraft called a hang glider. Most modern hang gliders are made of an aluminium alloy or composite frame covered with synthetic sailcloth to form a wing. Typically the pilot is in a harness suspended from the airframe, and controls the aircraft by shifting body weight in opposition to a control frame.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fixed-wing aircraft</span> Heavier-than-air aircraft with fixed wings generating aerodynamic lift

A fixed-wing aircraft is a heavier-than-air flying machine, such as an airplane, which is capable of flight using aerodynamic lift. Fixed-wing aircraft are distinct from rotary-wing aircraft, and ornithopters. The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are not necessarily rigid; kites, hang gliders, variable-sweep wing aircraft, and airplanes that use wing morphing are all classified as fixed wing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ultralight aviation</span> Aviation field involving lightweight aircraft

Ultralight aviation is the flying of lightweight, 1- or 2-seat fixed-wing aircraft. Some countries differentiate between weight-shift control and conventional three-axis control aircraft with ailerons, elevator and rudder, calling the former "microlight" and the latter "ultralight".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rogallo wing</span>

The Rogallo wing is a flexible type of wing. In 1948, Francis Rogallo, a NASA engineer, and his wife Gertrude Rogallo, invented a self-inflating flexible wing they called the Parawing, also known after them as the "Rogallo Wing" and flexible wing. NASA considered Rogallo's flexible wing as an alternative recovery system for the Mercury and Gemini space capsules, and for possible use in other spacecraft landings, but the idea was dropped from Gemini in 1964 in favor of conventional parachutes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Francis Rogallo</span> American aeronautical engineer

Francis Melvin Rogallo was an American aeronautical engineer inventor born in Sanger, California, U.S. Together with his wife, he is credited with the invention of the Rogallo wing, or "flexible wing", a precursor to the modern hang glider and paraglider. His patents were ranged over mechanical utility patents and ornamental design patents for wing controls, airfoils, target kite, flexible wing, and advanced configurations for flexible wing vehicles.

Kite types, kite mooring, and kite applications result in a variety of kite control systems. Contemporary manufacturers, kite athletes, kite pilots, scientists, and engineers are expanding the possibilities.

A motor glider is a fixed-wing aircraft that can be flown with or without engine power. The FAI Gliding Commission Sporting Code definition is: a fixed-wing aerodyne equipped with a means of propulsion (MoP), capable of sustained soaring flight without thrust from the means of propulsion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Powered paragliding</span> Form of ultralight aviation

Powered paragliding, also known as paramotoring or PPG, is a form of ultralight aviation where the pilot wears a back-pack motor which provides enough thrust to take off using a paraglider. It can be launched in still air, and on level ground, by the pilot alone—no assistance is required.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Powered parachute</span> Parachute with motor and wheels

A powered parachute, often abbreviated PPC, and also called a motorized parachute or paraplane, is a type of aircraft that consists of a parafoil with a motor and wheels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eipper Quicksilver</span> American ultralight aircraft

Quicksilver is a line of single and two-place high wing, single-engine, ultralight aircraft that evolved from weight-shift hang gliders including Bob Lovejoy's High Tailer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ultralight trike</span> Powered hang glider

An ultralight trike or paratrike is a type of powered hang glider where flight control is by weight-shift. These aircraft have a fabric flex-wing from which is suspended a tricycle fuselage pod driven by a pusher propeller. The pod accommodates either a solo pilot, or a pilot and a single passenger. Trikes grant affordable, accessible, and exciting flying, and have been popular since the 1980s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanolight</span>

A nanolight is an Australian class of ultralight powered aircraft. It was originally defined as a powered hang glider with an empty weight, including both wing and power system, of less than 70 kg (154 lb). A nanolight may be launched on foot or using a wheeled undercarriage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of hang gliding</span>

Hang gliding is an air sport employing a foot-launchable aircraft. Typically, a modern hang glider is constructed of an aluminium alloy or composite-framed fabric wing. The pilot is ensconced in a harness suspended from the airframe, and exercises control by shifting body weight in opposition to a control frame.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glider (aircraft)</span> Aircraft designed for operation without an engine

A glider is a fixed-wing aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces, and whose free flight does not depend on an engine. Most gliders do not have an engine, although motor-gliders have small engines for extending their flight when necessary by sustaining the altitude with some being powerful enough to take off by self-launch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pterodactyl Ascender</span> American ultralight aircraft

The Pterodactyl Ascender is a family of U.S. designed and built ultralight aircraft that were sold in kit form between 1979 and 1984 under Pterodactyl Limited and is currently being sold by DFE Ultralights.

Barry Hill Palmer is an American aeronautical engineer, inventor, builder and pilot of the first hang glider based on the Rogallo wing or flexible wing. Palmer also designed, built and flew the first weight-shift ultralight trike aircraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Skycraft Scout</span> Type of aircraft

The Skycraft Scout is an Australian designed and built single-seat, tail dragger, microlight airplane, used primarily for recreational aviation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UFM Easy Riser</span> American ultralight aircraft and glider

The UFM Easy Riser is an American swept wing biplane hang glider that was first powered in 1975, becoming the first modern ultralight aircraft. The Easy Riser was still in production as an unpowered glider in 2002 by Ultralight Flying Machines.

The Pegasus Booster is a British powered hang glider that was designed and produced by Pegasus Aviation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swedish Aerosport Mosquito</span> Type of aircraft

The Swedish Aerosport Mosquito is a Swedish powered hang glider designed and produced by Swedish Aerosport and introduced in 1995.

References

  1. In 1898 Augustus Moore Herring adapted a compressed air engine to a weight-shift biplane. Images:
  2. 1 2 French aviation historians on FLPHG
  3. British Microlight Aircraft Association, History of Microlighting Archived February 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  4. Hang glider : EASY RISER (Larry Mauro)
  5. In April 1946 Mitchell completed construction of his 'Flying Wing' (not the Mitchell Wing hang glider which was developed in 1975). The American FAA issued an Experimental Airworthiness number for it. The wing was flown as a glider by Mitchell, Bolwus and Paul Tuntland. Then Mitchell mounted a Nelson 2-cycle engine on it and flew it as a powered glider with wheels for landing gear. Archived 2016-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
  6. In the early 1940s Don Mitchell first became involved with flying wing glider design and construction. But World War II interrupted his research and experiments. Then in 1974, with the advent of hang glider mania, the Mitchell Wing resurfaced. It was at that time Dr. Howard Long took an interest in the half-forgotten project and asked Mitchell to make him a flying wing hang glider. The result was the foot-launched Mitchell Wing, controllable by a 'joystick'. The Mitchell Wing astounded the world of hang gliding. George Worthington, holder of eight world records in hang gliding and author of the book In Search of World Records, wrote in the book..."I predict that the Mitchell Wing will be the highest performance foot-launched hang glider we'll see for a long time." He was right, and it was from this preliminary design that Mitchell developed his later powered models: The Mitchell Wing B-10 and Mitchell U-2 Superwing.
  7. Don Mitchell - U.S. Pacific Archived 2016-11-10 at the Wayback Machine , B-10 Photos:
  8. Interview with Gerard Farell on Jan. 23-24, 2007. "Foot launched powered Para-wing around 1963, 7 hp (5 kW) West Bend driving a 3-foot (1 m) dia. glass over balsa propeller. Main structure is 6061-T6 aluminum tubing, 4 mil polyethylene. The craft was not particularly portable, the wind was always coming down the slight slope in Bloomfield, CT, and the project was terminated as I was re-engineering it with a bigger engine and as I got a job offer to move to Miami and design, build and fly the wheeled wings (trikes)."
  9. Recorded by the FAA as: Palmer Parawing D-6, serial 1A, N7144, was registered on 4/24/1967. No limitations were noted.
  10. The Southeastern Wisconsin Aviation Museum
  11. "Poor man's Lear; Ultralight's buzz in for second convention", by Don Castonia, Appleton (WI) Post-Crescent, June 25, 1983, p. 1
  12. EAA Chapter 838 Museum— Aviators
  13. Article in PDF format: Powered hang glider, you can launch it any where Archived September 11, 2003, at the Wayback Machine
  14. Smithsonian Air & Space Museum. Icarus hang glider development Archived February 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  15. Allen, Bill (August 1977). "Now they're hanging engines on hang gliders". Popular Mechanics: 62–64.
  16. Power Up Company, United States Patent # 4546938
  17. Powered backpack Motolotnia 80 White Eagle photo of advert in Flight Line magazine, march-June 1982
  18. Jerzy Kolecki, founder of Kolecki New Aviation Engineering, Sweden
  19. The Ranger, designed by Bruce Hudson, UK. Powered by the Solo 210 cc engine:
  20. Relax 220, designed by Yves Rousseau.
  21. FLPHG manufacturers Archived August 12, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  22. Wasp designers: Ed Cleasby and Chris Taylor - Wasp Flight Systems and Sperwill.
  23. DoodleBug designer: Ben Ashman - Flylight Airsports Ltd.
  24. Raven designer: Randy Haney - Powerplanes
  25. X1 designers: Kenneth M. O'Sage II and Dave Little - Hidden Mountain Flight.
  26. Zenon designer: Sotos Christoforou - Sky Gear.
  27. Explorer designer: Bob Bauer - Airtime Products. Created in 1997; discontinued in 2004 and released again in 2007 as the 'Explorer LD',
  28. Fillo manufacturer: Milan Vita.
  29. Flyped Manufacturer: Paul Kiraly
  30. FAI microlight world records, RWF1 (Weight-shift control, foot-launched and flown solo) Archived September 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  31. Bernard Danis Archived November 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  32. Interview with Gerard Farell on November 2006.
  33. This powered hang glider, registered G-BGNL, is now held by the British Hang Gliding Museum.
  34. Despite this achievement, Breen and Hunt recognized the deficiencies of the keel mounted engine and when Breen saw a picture of Roland Magallon's trike in the French hang gliding magazine Vol Libre, he mentioned that the days of the Soarmaster 'were numbered.'
  35. Interview with Angelo d'Arrigo
  36. Siberian Crane Flyway coordination
  37. The altitude was recorded by a digital altimeter, a GPS and the flight was filmed as well; Video:
  38. 18 hp Harnesses such as the 'X1' or 'Wasp Venom' equipped with the Vittorazi EVO 100 cc for about 130 lbf (580 N) thrust at 7,000 ft (2,100 m) MSL
  39. Werner Eck, designer of an Electric PGG
  40. History of Solar Flight Archived February 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  41. Werner Eck, Electric Paramotor Efforts
  42. Electric PPG Description
  43. Electric Paramotor Flies and Electric Powered Paraglider inventor - Csaba Lemak
  44. Helix Propeller
  45. E-drive developments
  46. Razeebus Archived March 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  47. Back to the Future
  48. E-Flight Expo at AERO Friedrichshafen 2009