| Problema bulenta | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hesperiidae |
| Genus: | Problema |
| Species: | P. bulenta |
| Binomial name | |
| Problema bulenta | |
Problema bulenta, the rare skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is hard to find within the United States. The species was first described based on a drawing.
The wingspan is 3.9–5.4 mm. The top of both genders is yellowish orange with black borders, with the borders being more broad on the female. The underside of the forewings is yellowish orange with black on the bottom outside edge. The hindwings are yellow and without markings. [2]
Adults feed on the nectar of the flowers of Pontederia cordata and Asclepias incarnata . [2] Larvae feed on tall cordgrass and giant cutgrass. Its habitat is on "brackish river marshes" and rice paddies that are no longer in use. In the northern part of its range, the females give birth to one set of eggs in June. In the southern range, the females have two sets of eggs, "one in May to June and one in late July to September". While little is known about how the larvae develop, they more than likely overwinter during the middle of their instar stage and develop more as the temperature becomes higher. [3]
Isolated populations of the species can be found by the East Coast of the United States, "from southern New Jersey and south to Georgia". [3] The species was first described based on a drawing of a specimen that John Abbot drew in Georgia. A specimen was never collected again until sometime in the 1920s by Wilmington, North Carolina. It was then seen again in 1973 in Virginia and in Maryland in 1984. In 1993, it was reported as rarely being seen in a large group and was a candidate for being listed as either threatened or endangered. [4] In Delaware, spray used to kill mosquitos have significantly impacted the species. [3]
The butterfly is known to only live on a marsh alongside the Chickahominy River in Virginia and its habitat has been threatened by housing and recreational development. [5] A 1984 book states that it is only known to live by the Chickahominy River in Virginia, the Wicomico River in Maryland, the Cape Fear River in North Carolina, the Santee River in South Carolina, and the Savannah River in Georgia. [6] However, its range began to include New Jersey during the 1980s and also includes Delaware. [2]
A 1993 issue of the Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society reported on more specimens being collected around New Jersey. A larva and a raised male were placed in the Yale University Peabody Museum of Natural History. Multiple specimens were given to Yale and the Cornell University Entomology Collection. The rest of the specimens were given to Stockton State College and the collection of researcher Dale F. Schweitzer. [4]
Papilio glaucus, the eastern tiger swallowtail, is a species of butterfly native to eastern North America. It is one of the most familiar butterflies in the eastern United States, ranging north to southern Ontario, Canada, and is common in many different habitats. It flies from spring until fall, during which it produces two to three broods. Adults feed on the nectar of many species of flowers, mostly from those of the families Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae. P. glaucus has a wingspan measuring 7.9 to 14 cm. The male is yellow with four black "tiger stripes" on each forewing. Females may be either yellow or black, making them dimorphic. The yellow morph is similar to the male, but with a conspicuous band of blue spots along the hindwing, while the dark morph is almost completely black.
Phoebis sennae, the cloudless sulphur, is a mid-sized butterfly in the family Pieridae found in the Americas. There are several similar species such as the yellow angled-sulphur, which has angled wings, statira sulphur, and other sulphurs, which are much smaller. The species name comes from the genus Senna to which many of the larval host plants belong.
Hesperia comma, the silver-spotted skipper or common branded skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is known as silver-spotted skipper in Europe and common branded skipper in North America where the butterfly Epargyreus clarus, a spread-winged skipper, also has the common name of "silver-spotted skipper".
Pyrgus malvae, the grizzled skipper, is a butterfly species from the family Hesperiidae. It is a small skipper (butterfly) with a chequered pattern on its wings that appears to be black and white. This butterfly can be found throughout Europe and is common in central and southern regions of England. The butterfly prefers three major types of habitat: woodland, grassland, and industrial. Referenced as a superspecies, Pyrgus malvae includes three semispecies: malvae, malvoides, and melotis. Eggs are laid on plants that will provide warmth and proper nutrition for development. As larvae, their movement is usually restricted to a single plant, on which they will build tents, unless they move onto a second host plant. Larvae then spin cocoons, usually on the last host plant they have occupied, where they remain until spring. Upon emerging as adult butterflies, grizzled skippers are quite active during the day and tend to favour blue or violet-coloured plants for food. They also possess multiple methods of communication; for example, vibrations are used to communicate with ants, and chemical secretions play a role in mating. Exhibiting territorial behaviour, males apply perching and patrolling strategies to mate with a desired female.
Atalopedes campestris is a small grass skipper butterfly. It has a wingspan of 35–41 mm. Male is orange, edged with brown, and has a large brown-black stigma. Female is darker with lighter markings in the center of the wing.
The oyster mussel is a rare species of freshwater mussel in the family Unionidae. This aquatic bivalve mollusk is native to the Cumberland and Tennessee River systems of Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Virginia in the United States. It has been extirpated from the states of Georgia and North Carolina. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.
Neonympha mitchellii is an endangered species of nymphalid butterfly of the eastern United States. There are two known subspecies:
Polites peckius, the Peck's skipper, is a North American butterfly in the family Hesperiidae (skippers), subfamily Hesperiinae. This skipper ranges across Canada from British Columbia, as far north as Cartwright, Labrador; Moar Lake, Ontario; Leaf Rapids, Manitoba; and the Hay River area in Alberta. In the US, it ranges in most of the northern and central states, except on the west coast.
The Baltimore checkerspot is a North American butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It has been the official state insect of the U.S. State of Maryland since 1973. The Baltimore checkerspot was named for the first Lord Baltimore due to its similarity of colors in the family crest. Despite the species status as Maryland state insect, the population in Maryland has faced significant decline and is currently listed by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources as "rare, threatened, and endangered" animal list.
Acronicta albarufa, the barrens dagger moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It has a fragmented distribution in North America that includes southern Ontario and Manitoba, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Oklahoma, Missouri, Arkansas, and Colorado. It may also be present in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, mainland New York and New Mexico. It has been suggested that populations in the south-western United States may be a separate species. It is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in the US state of Connecticut.
The crystal skipper is a species of butterfly in the family Hesperiidae that is found only along a 30-mile (50 km) stretch of barrier islands in North Carolina. The skipper was first discovered in 1978 and the paper describing it as a full species was published in 2015.
Amblyscirtes carolina, the Carolina roadside skipper, is a species of butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is found from south-eastern Virginia, south to South Carolina, west to northern Mississippi. There are disjunct populations in Delaware, southern Illinois and northwest Arkansas.
Amblyscirtes reversa, the reversed roadside skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. The species was first described by Frank Morton Jones in 1926. It has a scattered distribution from south-eastern Virginia, south to northern Georgia. It is also found in southern Mississippi and southern Illinois.
Atrytone arogos, the arogos skipper or beard-grass skipper, is an endangered species of butterfly of the family Hesperiidae.
Atrytonopsis loammi, the Loammi skipper or southern dusted skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in the United States on barrier islands in North Carolina and from South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.
Oarisma poweshiek, the Poweshiek skipperling, is a North American butterfly in the family Hesperiidae (skippers), subfamily Hesperiinae. The range of this species in Canada is restricted to southeastern Manitoba, and in the United States it historically ranged from the Dakotas to the southern Lower Peninsula of Michigan.
Problema byssus, the byssus skipper or bunchgrass skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found along the Atlantic coastal plain of North America, from North Carolina south to Florida and the Gulf States and from northern Indiana west to Iowa and south to Missouri and Kansas.
Euphyes dukesi, or Dukes' skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It lives in the eastern United States and in a small portion of southern Ontario, Canada, in three distinct populations. Preferred habitats are shaded wetlands, with various species of sedge plants it uses as host plants for its larvae.
Euphyes arpa, the palmetto skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae.
Euphyes berryi, known as Berry's skipper, is a rare species of butterfly of the family Hesperiidae, historically found in wet areas from North Carolina to Florida.
