| Pyrenula luteopruinosa | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Eurotiomycetes |
| Order: | Pyrenulales |
| Family: | Pyrenulaceae |
| Genus: | Pyrenula |
| Species: | P. luteopruinosa |
| Binomial name | |
| Pyrenula luteopruinosa Etayo & Aptroot (2003) | |
Pyrenula luteopruinosa is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae. It has a neotropical distribution, occurring in Panama, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. [1]
Formally described as a new species in 2003 by lichenologists Javiar Etayo and André Aptroot, the species epithet luteopruinosa refers to the characteristic yellow pruina on its perithecia. The type specimen was collected near a frog trail (genus Dendrobates ) in Bahía Honda, Veraguas; in this habitat in lowland rainforest on the Pacific coast of Panama, the lichen was found growing on the smooth bark of a tree. [2]
The lichen has a small, brown to dark brown, smooth thallus lacking a cortex and a prothallus. Its apothecia are in the form of perithecia, partially immersed in the substrata, measuring 0.5–0.6 mm in diameter. The perithecia are covered by a characteristic lemon-yellow pruina – dust-like particles of crystalline pigment. The ascospores are ellipsoid to somewhat cylindrical with conical ends, have 3 septa, and typically measure 14–19 by 8–10 μm. [2]
Pyrenula pileata , found in upland and alpine areas of the Philippines and New Guinea, is similar in appearance to P. luteopruinosa, but it lacks the yellow pruina, has larger ascomata (1.3–2.2 mm), and larger ascospores (16–24 x 8–13 μm). [2]
Graphis crebra is a species of corticolous lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It has a pantropical distribution. Like other script lichens, it grows on bark and resembles calligraphy. It can be distinguished from several other similar species by the white pruina (powder) on its apothecial discs.
Cryptothecia lichexanthonica is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2013 by Edvaneide Leandro de Lima, André Aptroot, and Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres. The type specimen was collected by Lima from the Vale do Catimbau National Park, at an altitude of 885 m (2,904 ft); here it was found growing on smooth tree bark. The lichen has a smooth, pale greenish-grey spreading thallus up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. The thallus, which is 0.1–0.2 mm thick, is surrounded by a thin brown hypothallus. The ascospores are muriform, ellipsoid in shape, and measure 55–75 by 22–28 μm. The specific epithet lichexanthonica refers to lichexanthone, a secondary chemical that occurs in the thallus. This compound is rare in the genus Cryptothecia, as the only other congener in which it known is to occur is Cryptothecia assimilis.
Phacopsis australis is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in a few locations in South Africa, where it grows on the thalli of several species of the leafy lichen genus Xanthoparmelia. Unlike other members of genus Phacopsis, the fungus does not induce the formation of galls in its host.
Mazaediothecium uniseptatum is a species of calicioid lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae. Found in French Guiana, it was formally described as a new species in 2015 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected near the village sentier Limonade in Saül at an altitude of 300 m (980 ft); here, in a mixed forest, the lichen was found growing on the higher trunk of a Protium tree. It has a dull, greyish-white thallus that lacks a cortex and is surrounded by a brown prothallus line. The apothecia are black but covered in their upper half with a golden yellow pruina; they are about 0.2 mm in diameter and up to 0.6 mm high. The asci soon disintegrate to form a mazaedium layer. Ascospores are pale grey with a shape ranging from ellipsoid to spindle-shaped (fusiform), and measure 7.0–12.0 by 5.0–7.5 μm; they contain a single septum. It is this last feature that is referenced in the species epithet uniseptatum.
Mycocalicium enterographicola is a species of lichenicolous fungus in the family Mycocaliciaceae. It is found in Brazil.
Astrothelium macroeustomum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in French Guiana, it was formally described as a new species in 2019 by lichenologists André Aptroot and Harrie Sipman. The type specimen was collected by Sipman from the Piste Crique Limonade at an altitude of 300 m (980 ft). The lichen has a mostly smooth, pale ochraceous-brown thallus that is somewhat shiny and covers areas up to 9 cm (4 in) in diameter. It is surrounded by a dark brown prothallus. It has pear-shaped (pyriform) ascomata, measuring 0.6–1.0 mm in diameter, which mostly aggregate in groups of two to five, and are more or less immersed in the tissue of the bark, below the thallus surface. They have convex, black ostioles (pores) that are surrounded by a yellowish-white ring of pruina. The ascospores are hyaline, spindle-shaped (fusiform) with five septa and measure 50–55 by 12–17 μm. The lichen contains lichexanthone, a lichen product that causes the ostioles of the ascomata to fluoresce yellow when lit with a long-wavelength UV light. The specific epithet macroeustomum refers to both its large spores and its similarity to Astrothelium eustomum.
Astrothelium palaeoexostemmatis is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in northern Thailand, it was formally described as a new species in 2019 by lichenologists André Aptroot and Harrie Sipman. The type specimen was collected near the Bhubing Palace at an altitude of 1,550 m (5,090 ft); here, it was found in an oak/chestnut forest. The lichen has a smooth and shiny, ochraceous-brown thallus that covers areas up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. It has roughly spherical ascomata, measuring 0.4–0.6 mm in diameter; they are covered by the thallus with only a black ostiole (pore) visible. The ascospores are hyaline and muriform and measure 85–100 by 20–24 μm. The specific epithet palaeoexostemmatis refers to both its Palaeotropical distribution and its resemblance to Astrothelium exostemmatis, a neotropical species.
Astrothelium quasimamillanum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2019 by lichenologists André Aptroot and Cléverton de Oliveira Mendonça. The type specimen was collected by Mendonça from the Municipal nature park at an altitude of 100 m (330 ft). The lichen has a smooth and shiny, dark brown thallus that is surrounded by a dark brown prothallus and covers areas up to 7 cm (3 in) in diameter. It has pear-shaped (pyriform) ascomata, measuring 0.6–0.9 mm in diameter, which mostly occur either immersed in the bark, or as barely discernible black structures under the thallus cortex. The ascospores are hyaline, ellipsoid in shape, and muriform, with dimensions of 30–33 by 9.5–10.5 μm. The specific epithet quasimamillanum alludes to its slight similarities with members of the Pyrenula mamillana species group.
Pseudopyrenula miniflavida is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2019 by lichenologists André Aptroot and A.D.Nunes. The type specimen was collected from Mata do IFS at an altitude of 50 m (160 ft). The lichen has a whitish-grey thallus without a cortex. It has hemispherical ascomata that are mostly black but sometimes partly covered with a whitish pruina. The hamathecium contains yellow oil droplets that dissolve but do not change colour in a solution of KOH. The ascospores are hyaline with three septa and measure 15–17 by 5.5–6.5 μm. The specific epithet miniflavida alludes to both its small spores as well as the characteristic yellow oil droplets in the hamathecium.
Astrothelium sipmanii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It is found in Guyana.
Astrothelium colombiense is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Colombia, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected from the Estacion Forestal La Espriella at an altitude of 35 m (115 ft). The lichen has shiny, pale ochraceous green thallus with a smooth to somewhat roughened texture. It has a cortex but lacks a prothallus. There is only a single ascospore in each ascus; this is a rarity in genus Astrothelium. The spores are hyaline, ellipsoid in shape, and muriform ; they measure 240–300 by 45–50 µm. No lichen products were detected in this species. The specific epithet refers to the country of the type locality.
Astrothelium flavomaculatum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Guyana, Venezuela, and Ecuador, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected by the author from the Cordillera del Cóndor at an altitude of 1,200 m (3,900 ft). The lichen has a shiny, smooth to somewhat bullate thallus that covers an area of up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter. It is green with a thin orange pruina. Its ascospores are hyaline, ellipsoid in shape, and muriform, with dimensions of 50–75 by 12–25 µm. It is somewhat similar in appearance to Astrothelium graphicum , but that species has somewhat smaller ascospores with lengths up to 66 µm.
Astrothelium zebrinum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Guyana, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected in a sclerophyllous forest near the airstrip of Kaieteur Falls National Park. Characteristics of the lichen include its fused ostioles, lack of lichen products, and ascospores that have seven septa and dimensions of 14–28 µm wide by 60–70 µm long.
Astrothelium vulcanum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Guyana, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected from the Kuyuwini Landing (Rupununi) at an elevation of 200 m (660 ft); here, in a savannah forest, it was found growing on the smooth bark of trees. The lichen has a smooth, somewhat shiny thallus surrounded by a thin black prothallus, and covering areas up to 25 cm (10 in) in diameter. Its ascospores are spindle-shaped (fusiform) with rounded edges, with three septa and dimensions of 20–25 by 6.5–7.5 µm. Astrothelium vulcanum contains lichexanthone, a lichen product that causes the thallus to fluoresce when lit with a long-wavelength UV light.
Astrothelium ultralucens is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Venezuela, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected by Harrie Sipman along the Carapo River at an elevation of 800 m (2,600 ft). The lichen has a smooth, somewhat shiny pale greenish grey thallus that covers an area of up to 7 cm (2.8 in). Its ascospores are hyaline, spindle-shaped (fusiform) with three septa and dimensions of 105–130 by 35–42 µm. Astrothelium ultralucens contains lichexanthone, a lichen product that causes the pseudostromata and the thallus to fluoresce yellow when lit with a long-wavelength UV light, although the thallus only weakly.
Diorygma incantatum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It is found in northern and southern Brazil.
Astrothelium stromatofluorescens is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It is only known to occur in a few locations in Brazil and Bolivia.
Astrothelium elixii is a rare species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It is found in the Beni Biological Station Biosphere Reserve in Bolivia.
Pyrenula ochraceoflava is a species of corticolous, crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae. It is a common lowland and coastal species with a pantropical distribution. Its distribution in the Pacific Ocean includes the Caroline Islands, Galápagos Islands, New Caledonia, Tuamotu, and Western Samoa. The lichen was first formally described by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1858 as a species of Verrucaria. Richard Harris transferred it to the genus Pyrenula in 1989. The variety pacifica, found on the Cook Islands was proposed by Patrick McCarthy in 2000. It is distinguished from the nominate variety by its pigmented thallus and perithecia, ascospore size and shape, and the presence of a single transverse septum in its ascospores.