TAT-14 is the 14th consortium transatlantic telecommunications cable system. In operation from 2001, it uses wavelength division multiplexing. The cable system is built from multiple pairs of fibres—one fibre in each pair is used for data carried in one direction and the other in the opposite direction. Although optical fibre can be used in both directions simultaneously, for reliability it is better not to require splitting equipment at the end of the individual fibre to separate transmit and receive signals—hence a fibre pair is used. TAT-14 uses four pairs of fibres—two pairs as active and two as backup. Each fibre in each pair carries 16 wavelengths in one direction, and each wavelength carries up to an STM-256. The fibres are bundled into submarine cables connecting the United States and the European Union in a ring topology.
An offshore bank is a bank regulated under international banking license, which usually prohibits the bank from establishing any business activities in the jurisdiction of establishment. Due to less regulation and transparency, accounts with offshore banks were often used to hide undeclared income. Since the 1980s, jurisdictions that provide financial services to nonresidents on a big scale, can be referred to as offshore financial centres. Since OFCs often also levy little or no tax corporate and/or personal income and offer, they are often referred to as tax havens.
REMBRANDT-2 is a submarine telecommunications cable system linking the United Kingdom and the Netherlands across the southern North Sea. It is no longer in use.
RIOJA-3 was a submarine telecommunications cable system linking the Belgium and the Netherlands across the southern North Sea.
Orcas Island Airport is a public airport located 1 nautical mile north of the central business district of Eastsound on Orcas Island in San Juan County, Washington, United States.
Ulstein Group is a group of companies that focus on various marine-related industries, but is mainly known for its ship building and ship design activities. The largest unit is Ulstein Verft AS. One recent delivery was the Service Operation Vessel 'Windea La Cour' (2016) which is operating at offshore wind farms offshore The Netherlands, the first vessel with not only the inverted bow, X-BOW, but also the X-STERN hull design shapes. The ship design unit, Ulstein Design & Solutions AS came up with the X-BOW design that in the shape of Bourbon Orca delivered in 2006 won the Ship of The Year Award both by Skipsrevyen and Offshore Support Journal. The group also includes companies working with power & control, system solutions and handling equipment for vessels servicing the maritime industries, including offshore renewables, offshore oil & gas, cruise and RoPax. Lately, the company has also been engaged in shipping. The company's head office and primary operations are located in the town of Ulsteinvik in the municipality of Ulstein in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway, an important area for the Norwegian maritime cluster, and with subsidiaries in several other countries.
Pangea was a submarine telecommunications cable system transiting the North Sea connecting UK with Denmark and Netherlands. By 2018 it was no longer in service. It consisted of two widely separated submarine segments - Pangea North and Pangea South.
Concerto 1 is a submarine telecommunications cable system in the North Sea connecting the UK, Netherlands and Belgium. Concerto 1 was built in 1999 by Alcatel for Flute ltd, part of the Interoute group.
FARLAND is a submarine telecommunications cable system connecting the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
ULYSSES is a submarine communications cable network divided into two sections: ULYSSES-1 and ULYSSES-2 that transit the English Channel and the North Sea, respectively. It carries telecommunications and internet signals to-and-from the UK to continental Europe. It began service in 1997 and is owned by WorldCom International, BT, France Telecom and KPN.
TenneT is a transmission system operator in the Netherlands and in a large part of Germany.
A tax haven is defined as a country or place with very low "effective" rates of taxation for foreign investors. In some traditional definitions, a tax haven also offers financial secrecy. However, while countries with high levels of secrecy but also high rates of taxation, can feature in some tax haven lists, they are not universally considered as tax havens. In contrast, countries with lower levels of secrecy but also low "effective" rates of taxation, appear in most § Tax haven lists. The consensus around effective tax rates has led academics to note that the term "tax haven" and "offshore financial centre" are almost synonymous.
In ship design, an inverted bow is a ship's or large boat's bow whose farthest forward point is not at the top. The result may somewhat resemble a submarine's bow. Inverted bows maximize the length of waterline and hence the hull speed, and have often better hydrodynamic drag than ordinary bows. On the other hand, they have very little reserve buoyancy and tend to dive under waves instead of piercing or going over them.
Wind power in the Netherlands reached an installed capacity of 4,341 MW by year end 2017, 1,118 MW of which were based offshore. The 2,294 turbines sited in the Netherlands by the end of 2017 provided the country with 9% of its electricity demand during the year, a figure that is growing but somewhat below the average of 11.6% that wind power provides across the whole of the EU’s electricity consumption. 2015 was a record year for new installations in the Netherlands with 586 MW added of which 180 MW were offshore.
The North Sea Offshore Grid, officially the North Seas Countries Offshore Grid Initiative (NSCOGI), is a collaboration between EU member-states and Norway to create an integrated offshore energy grid which links wind farms and other renewable energy sources across the northern seas of Europe. It is one of several proposed European super grid schemes.
An Offshore Financial Centre or OFC is defined as a country or jurisdiction that provides financial services to nonresidents on a scale that is incommensurate with the size and the financing of its domestic economy. "Offshore" does not refer to the location of the OFC, but to the fact that the largest users of the OFC are nonresident. The IMF lists OFCs as a third class of financial centre, with International Financial Centres (IFCs), and Regional Financial Centres (RFCs); there is overlap.
Bennett Offshore, L.L.C., is an independent naval architecture, design and consulting firm founded in 1997 by William T. Bennett, Jr., to deliver engineering services to the offshore industry. Bennett headquarters are located in Houston, Texas, and the company has an engineering office in New Orleans, Louisiana. Bennett Offshore provides traditional naval architecture, structural, mechanical and electrical engineering as well as hydrodynamics and other marine- and offshore-related services. In addition, the firm is involved in design, modification, and construction supervision of marine vessels, liftboats and other offshore mobile drilling and production units. Bennett Offshore worked in collaboration with the Offshore Technology Development group of Keppel Offshore & Marine to design the ORCA series of self-propelled, self-elevating platforms.
COBRAcable is a ±320 kV, 700 MW HVDC submarine power cable pair under construction between Eemshaven, the Netherlands, and Endrup near Esbjerg, Denmark. The cable will be jointly owned by Energinet.dk and TenneT. Its purpose is to improve the European transmission grid and thus increase the amount of variable wind power in the system while improving supply reliability. Its 700 MW capacity corresponds to an annual transmission capacity of 6.1 TWh.
Dutch Sandwich is a base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) corporate tax tool, used mostly by U.S. multinationals to avoid incurring EU withholding taxes on untaxed profits as they were being moved to non-EU tax havens. These untaxed profits could have originated from within the EU, or from outside the EU, but in most cases were routed to major EU corporate-focused tax havens, such as Ireland and Luxembourg, by the use of other BEPS tools. The Dutch Sandwich was often used with Irish BEPS tools such as the Double Irish, the Single Malt and the Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets ("CAIA") tools. In 2010, Ireland changed its tax-code to enable Irish BEPS tools to avoid such withholding taxes without needing a Dutch Sandwich.
Conduit OFC and Sink OFC is an empirical quantitative method of classifying corporate tax havens, offshore financial centres (OFCs) and tax havens.
