TAT-9 was the 9th transatlantic telephone cable system, in operation from 1992 to 2004, operating at 560Mbits/sec between Europe and North America. It was built by an international consortium of co-owners and suppliers. Co-owners included AT&T Corporation, British Telecom and France Telecom.
TAT-14 is the 14th consortium transatlantic telecommunications cable system. In operation from 2001, it uses wavelength division multiplexing. The cable system is built from multiple pairs of fibres—one fibre in each pair is used for data carried in one direction and the other in the opposite direction. Although optical fibre can be used in both directions simultaneously, for reliability it is better not to require splitting equipment at the end of the individual fibre to separate transmit and receive signals—hence a fibre pair is used. TAT-14 uses four pairs of fibres—two pairs as active and two as backup. Each fibre in each pair carries 16 wavelengths in one direction, and each wavelength carries up to an STM-256. The fibres are bundled into submarine cables connecting the United States and the European Union in a ring topology.
The Eurovision Song Contest 1961 was the 6th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Cannes, France, following Jacqueline Boyer's win at the 1960 contest in London, United Kingdom with the song "Tom Pillibi". It was the second time that France had hosted the contest; the first being in 1959 - also in Cannes. The contest was held at Palais des Festivals et des Congrès on 18 March 1961 and was the first to take place on a Saturday night, a tradition that has continued into modern times. The show was hosted by Jacqueline Joubert.
Transatlantic crossings are passages of passengers and cargo across the Atlantic Ocean between Europe or Africa and the Americas. The majority of passenger traffic is across the North Atlantic between Western Europe and North America. Centuries after the dwindling of sporadic Viking trade with Markland, a regular and lasting transatlantic trade route was established in 1566 with the Spanish West Indies fleets, following the Voyages of Christopher Columbus.
Amfreville is a French commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.
The Western Front was a military theatre of World War II encompassing Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany. World War II military engagements in Southern Europe and elsewhere are generally considered under separate headings. The Western Front was marked by two phases of large-scale combat operations. The first phase saw the capitulation of the Netherlands, Belgium, and France during May and June 1940 after their defeat in the Low Countries and the northern half of France, and continued into an air war between Germany and Britain that climaxed with the Battle of Britain. The second phase consisted of large-scale ground combat, which began in June 1944 with the Allied landings in Normandy and continued until the defeat of Germany in May 1945.
European route E18 runs from Craigavon in Northern Ireland to Saint Petersburg in Russia, passing through Scotland, Norway, Sweden, and Finland. It is about 1,890 kilometres in length.
Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) is a 28,000 kilometres long fibre optic mostly-submarine communications cable that connects the United Kingdom, Japan, India, and many places in between. The cable is operated by Global Cloud Xchange. The system runs from the eastern coast of North America to Japan. Its Europe-Asia segment was the fourth longest cable in the world in 2008.
Atlantic Crossing 1 (AC-1) is an optical submarine telecommunications cable system linking the United States and three European countries. It transports speech and data traffic between the U.S., the U.K., the Netherlands and Germany. It is one of several transatlantic communications cables.
Yellow / AC-2 is a submarine telecommunications cable system linking the United States and the United Kingdom. The different owners give this cable system different names, so it is known as both Yellow and AC-2. It has a capacity of 320 Gbit/s as of January 2007, upgradeable to 640 Gbit/s.
Tangerine is a submarine telecommunications cable system segment crossing the English Channel linking the United Kingdom and Belgium.
RIOJA-2 was a submarine telecommunications cable system linking the United Kingdom and Belgium across the North Atlantic Ocean/English Channel.
TGN Atlantic (TGN-A) previously VSNL Transatlantic and TGN Transatlantic, is a submarine telecommunications cable system transiting the Atlantic Ocean. The cable has been in operation since 2001.
VSNL Western Europe is a telecommunications cable system with both submarine and terrestrial parts linking several counties in western Europe.
Concerto 1 is a submarine telecommunications cable system in the North Sea connecting the UK, Netherlands and Belgium. Concerto 1 was built in 1999 by Alcatel for Flute ltd, part of the Interoute group.
ULYSSES is a submarine communications cable network divided into two sections: ULYSSES-1 and ULYSSES-2 that transit the English Channel and the North Sea, respectively. It carries telecommunications and internet signals to-and-from the UK to continental Europe. It began service in 1997 and is owned by WorldCom International, BT, France Telecom and KPN.
SEACOM is a submarine communications cable operator with a network of submarine, and terrestrial, high-speed fibre-optic cable that serves the east and west coasts of Africa. SEACOM’s reach extends into Europe and the Asia-Pacific. The pan-African network uses bundled backhaul, open access points of presence (PoPs), and global partnerships to provide end-to-end wholesale and enterprise connectivity to the Internet for both African and international network and content service providers.
Europe India Gateway (EIG) is a submarine communications cable system to connect the U.K., Portugal, Gibraltar, Monaco, France, Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Djibouti, Oman, United Arab Emirates, and India.
The Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative (CFDI) is a strategy and list, maintained by the United States Department of Homeland Security, of foreign infrastructure which "if attacked or destroyed would critically impact the U.S." A copy of the 2008 list was redacted and leaked by WikiLeaks on 5 December 2010 as part of the website's leak of US diplomatic cables; no details on the exact location of the assets was included in the list. The list's release was met with strong criticism from the US and British governments, while media and other countries have reacted less strongly saying that the entries are not secret and easily identified.
