Rapa fruit dove

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Rapa fruit dove
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Columbiformes
Family: Columbidae
Genus: Ptilinopus
Species:
P. huttoni
Binomial name
Ptilinopus huttoni
Finsch, 1874

The Rapa fruit dove (Ptilinopus huttoni) is a species of bird in the family Columbidae, which includes pigeons and doves. It is endemic to the island of Rapa Iti in French Polynesia. The species was classified as Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List in 2018 because of its small population and predicted continued decline. [2] The Rapa fruit dove primarily feeds on fleshy fruit. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and it has an extent of 30 km2. It is threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation and invasive species. Effective land protection and management could increase the quality of habitat for the species. Additional research into population dynamics and the impact of threats to the species can give a better understanding of the conservation practices needed.

Contents

Description and range

The Rapa fruit dove is approximately 31 centimeters tall, making it a medium-sized dove. It is a colorful bird, with mostly green plumage, especially on its wings. Its foreparts (head, neck, chest, upper back) have blue-gray plumage. It has a yellow lower belly with a rose-purple band below its chest feathers. A distinguishing feature of the Rapa fruit dove is its bright pink crown, located on the face between the eyes. [2]

This species is endemic to the small island of Rapa Iti in the Austral Islands of French Polynesia and has an estimated extent of 30 km2. The population was estimated at 160 individuals in 2017, with all individuals in one subpopulation. Surveys carried out in 1989-1990 found a population of approximately 274, resulting in a 42% decline in population between the two surveys. [2]

Ecology

The Rapa fruit dove lives in the remaining undisturbed forest fragments on the island and prefers an elevation between 40 – 450 meters. Rapa Iti has a tropical climate and the dove can be found in the moist lowland forests. [2] They prefer the most wooded areas but can occasionally be found in the Caribbean pine plantations. [3]

As indicated by their name, the Rapa fruit dove primarily feeds on fleshy fruit from the various trees on the island, as well as nectar from some flowers. There are many productive native berry trees on Rapa Iti to sustain the dove. While the strawberry guava is an invasive species and a cause for habitat decline, [4] it is possible that it is also a source of food for the dove. [2] They eat while perched in the tree and pick or reach for the fruit. Since they are heavier than some other fruit doves, the Rapa fruit dove does not move out to the end of the branches, and instead must perform many contortions to reach the fruit. [3]

Conservation threats to habitat

The Rapa fruit dove's decreasing population size is caused by habitat loss. It lives in the forests of Rapa Iti, but very little of the island's original native forests remain. The destruction of the habitat was caused by logging, fires, and an increased need for grazing land for cattle and goats. [2] The quality of the remaining habitat has diminished since the introduction of the invasive strawberry guava from South America. When left unchecked, the strawberry guava can grow uncontrollably in dense thickets and wreak havoc on ecosystems, choking out native species that the fruit dove relies on. [4] Other invasive species, like feral cats, predate on the fruit doves and have been a factor in their decline. [2]

Use and trade

Historically, the Rapa fruit dove was hunted for food by the indigenous Polynesians. [2] But an improvement in the standard of living on the island had ceased the hunting of the doves. Currently, they are not used for human benefit. [3]

Conservation action in place

While there are no plans for conservation efforts to directly increase the population of the Rapa fruit dove, the necessity of habitat conservation and restoration has recently become recognized on the island. In 2017, a project began with the goal of restoring the forests, controlling the growth of the strawberry guava, and controlling the populations of grazing animals. [5]

Conservation/research needed

Additional conservation efforts are needed to protect the Rapa fruit dove and the rest of the biodiversity on Rapa Iti. Ecological impacts due to humans are the main cause of declines and extinctions of birds in the Polynesian islands, especially Rapa Iti. [6] More land needs to be effectively protected and managed to decrease grazing pressures and exclude fires from upland areas. There also needs to be increased control of invasive species populations. [2] To directly increase the population of the fruit dove, an introduction to another island to establish a second population is recommended after the introduced mammals are eradicated from the islands. [6] There is also the option of establishing a captive population of fruit doves as a precaution. Education and awareness are needed for the local community to gain their support for creating protected land areas. [2]

Further research into the actual impacts of the threats to the Rapa fruit dove is needed. It is unknown how feral cats are affecting the population of the fruit dove, and if its predation is a serious problem for their survival. It is also unclear how the Rapa fruit dove uses the strawberry guava, if at all. Additional research into these factors can give a better understanding of the population trends of the fruit dove and help guide conservation practices on the island. [2]

Related Research Articles

<i>Psidium cattleyanum</i> Species of tree

Psidium cattleyanum , commonly known as Cattley guava, strawberry guava or cherry guava, is a small tree in the Myrtaceae (myrtle) family. The species is named in honour of English horticulturist William Cattley. Its genus name Psidium comes from the Latin psidion, or "armlet." The red-fruited variety, P. cattleyanum var. cattleyanum, is commonly known as purple guava, red cattley guava, red strawberry guava and red cherry guava. The yellow-fruited variety, P. cattleyanum var. littorale is variously known as yellow cattley guava, yellow strawberry guava, yellow cherry guava, lemon guava and in Hawaii as waiawī. Although P. cattleyanum has select economic uses, it is considered the most invasive plant in Hawaii.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mariana fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The Mariana fruit dove, also known as mwee’mwe in the Carolinian language, totot on Guam or Paluman totut in Northern Marianas Islands, is a small, up to 24 cm long, green fruit dove native and endemic to Guam and the Northern Marianas Islands in the Pacific. It has a red forehead; greyish head, back and breast; and yellow belly patch and undertail coverts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whistling fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The whistling fruit dove, also known as the velvet dove or yellow-headed dove, is a small fruit dove from Fiji. The species is endemic to the islands of Kadavu and Ono in the Kadavu Group in the south of Fiji.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-naped fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The black-naped fruit dove, also known as the black-headed fruit dove, is a medium-sized, up to 24 cm (9.4 in) long, green fruit dove with yellowish bill and iris. The male has a pale grey head with a black nape, yellow throat, and golden yellow and pink undertail coverts. The plumage of the female and the young is entirely green.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-bellied imperial pigeon</span> Species of bird from Indonesia

The white-bellied imperial pigeon is a species of bird in the pigeon family Columbidae. First described by the French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1854, it is endemic to Indonesia, where it is found on Sulawesi, Buton, Taliabu, Togian, and Peleng. It inhabits primary forest, dense secondary forest, and isolated areas of hill forest. A large pigeon with a long tail, it measures 42.5–51.5 cm (16.7–20.3 in) long and weighs 510 g (18 oz) on average. Males are mainly green, with pale-grey heads and bellies, chestnut vents, and a pale grey tail band, along with a red orbital ring. Females are nearly identical, but have darker grey areas in their plumage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Negros fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The Negros fruit dove is a species of bird in the pigeon and dove family, Columbidae. It is endemic to the island of Negros in the Philippines. This fruit dove is known from a single female specimen collected from the slopes of Mount Kanlaon in the northern part of the island. While it was found at a high elevation, it is suspected that the species originally lived in the lowland dipterocarp forests and was driven to higher elevations by habitat destruction. While some have suggested that the specimen is either a runt or a hybrid instead of a valid species, this is not widely accepted. The female Negros fruit dove was a small fruit dove with vivid dark green plumage and an ashy-grey forehead. It had a distinctive ring of bare yellow skin around its eye, and yellow fringes to some of its feathers gave it the appearance of having a yellow wingbar when perched. The throat was white, while the undertail and vent were yellow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Makatea fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The Makatea fruit dove is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is endemic to French Polynesia island of Makatea in the Tuamotu Archipelago. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and is also present near villages. This bird is approximately 20 cm tall and has plumage of mostly green feathers with a dark purple crown and forehead, pale greenish-grey throat and chest, cloven lower chest feathers producing rows of shadows that appear as streaks, yellow underparts, tinged orange anteriorly. The bird's wing feathers are edged yellow. While it continues to be threatened by habitat loss, a decrease in mining since the mid 1960s has helped re-vegetation and appears to have stabilized population numbers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atoll fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The atoll fruit dove is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is endemic to the Tuamotu archipelago in French Polynesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and plantations. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-headed fruit dove</span> Species of bird endemic to the Solomon Islands

The white-headed fruit dove is a species of bird in the pigeon family Columbidae. It was described by the English ornithologist John Gould in 1856, and the specific name eugeniae honours the French empress Eugénie de Montijo. Adults of the species have white heads, a purplish-red breast patch, a grey shoulder patch, olive-green upperparts, greenish underparts with a blue tinge, and a yellowish vent. Juveniles have green heads with the white restricted to the forehead and upper throat, a much smaller grey shoulder patch, and the red breast patch restricted to the centre of the breast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-eared fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The red-eared fruit dove is a species of bird in the pigeon family. It is endemic to the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia.

The Henderson fruit dove, also known as scarlet-capped fruit dove, is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is endemic to Henderson Island in the South Pacific Pitcairn Island group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-moustached fruit dove</span> Extinct species of bird

The red-moustached fruit dove was a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It was endemic to French Polynesia. The last record was of the subspecies P. m. tristrami on Hiva Oa, in 1922. Its extinction has been attributed to predation by the introduced great horned owl, as well as by introduced rats and cats. In 1994, it was listed as an extinct species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Endangered Species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dwarf fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The dwarf fruit dove is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is found in lowland and foothill forest in New Guinea and the Raja Ampat Islands.The dwarf fruit dove weighs 49 grams, about equivalent to the weight of two AA batteries This bird is the smallest of the fruit dove genus

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Many-colored fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The many-colored fruit dove, known as manuma in the Samoan language, is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It occurs on islands in the south-west Pacific Ocean where it is found in Fiji, the Samoan Islands, and Tonga. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Today, most often the birds are found in Fiji and Tonga. It usually feeds high in the canopy on fruit and berries, especially banyan fig. The nest is a small platform of twigs where one white egg is laid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey-green fruit dove</span> Species of bird

The grey-green fruit dove is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is endemic to the Society Islands in French Polynesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black cuckoo-dove</span> Species of bird from the Lesser Sunda Islands

The black cuckoo-dove, also known as the slaty cuckoo-dove, is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is endemic to the Lesser Sunda Islands, being found on Timor, Wetar, Rote, and Atauro. It inhabits primary and secondary monsoon forest, eucalyptus forest, and woodlands. It is 38.5 cm (15.2 in) long on average and is mainly dark bluish-gray, lighter on the head and underparts and darker on the wings and tail. It has yellow orbital skin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fruit dove</span> Genus of birds

The fruit doves, also known as fruit pigeons, are a genus (Ptilinopus) of birds in the pigeon and dove family (Columbidae). These colourful, frugivorous doves are found in forests and woodlands in Southeast Asia and Oceania. It is a large genus with over 50 species, some threatened or already extinct.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Raiatea fruit-dove</span> Subspecies of bird

The Raiatea fruit dove is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is endemic to the Society Islands in French Polynesia. Although first named to science in 1853, this fruit dove was evidently discovered 30 years earlier, by René Primevère Lesson (1794–1849), while serving as naturalist aboard La Coquille. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the grey-green fruit dove but was split as a distinct species by the IOC in 2021. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tubuai tropical moist forests</span>

The Tubuai tropical moist forests is a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion in French Polynesia. It covers the Austral Islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tuamotu tropical moist forests</span>

The Tuamotu tropical moist forests is a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion in the Tuamotu Archipelago of French Polynesia and the Pitcairn Islands.

References

  1. BirdLife International (2018). "Ptilinopus huttoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T22691470A131333951. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22691470A131333951.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  3. 1 2 3 Thibault, Jean-Claude; Varney, Albert (March 1991). "Numbers and habitat of the Rapa Fruit-dove Ptilinopus huttoni". Bird Conservation International. 1 (1): 75–81. doi: 10.1017/S0959270900000551 . ISSN   0959-2709.
  4. 1 2 BirdLife International. "How alien plant invaders crowd out native birds". BirdLife. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  5. BirdLife International. "How we're going to save the little paradise in the Pacific". BirdLife. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  6. 1 2 Roland; Seitre, Julia (October 1992). "Causes of land-bird extinctions in French Polynesia". Oryx. 26 (4): 215. doi: 10.1017/S0030605300023747 . ISSN   0030-6053.