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Mao Zedong,also known as Chairman Mao,was a Chinese politician,political theorist,military strategist,poet,and communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC),which he led as the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from the establishment of the PRC in 1949 until his death in 1976. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist,his theories,military strategies,and political policies are collectively known as Maoism.
The Cultural Revolution,formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution,was a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China (PRC) launched by Mao Zedong in 1966,and lasting until his death in 1976. Its stated goal was to preserve Chinese communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society. The Revolution marked the effective commanding return of Mao—who was still the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)—to the centre of power,after a period of self-abstention and ceding to less radical leadership in the aftermath of the Mao-led Great Leap Forward debacle and the Great Chinese Famine (1959–1961). The Revolution failed to achieve its main goals.
Maoism,officially called Mao Zedong Thought by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed to realize a socialist revolution in the agricultural,pre-industrial society of the Republic of China and later the People's Republic of China. The philosophical difference between Maoism and traditional Marxism–Leninism is that a united front of progressive forces in class society would lead the revolutionary vanguard in pre-industrial societies rather than communist revolutionaries alone. This updating and adaptation of Marxism–Leninism to Chinese conditions in which revolutionary praxis is primary and ideological orthodoxy is secondary represents urban Marxism–Leninism adapted to pre-industrial China. Later theoreticians expanded on the idea that Mao had adapted Marxism–Leninism to Chinese conditions,arguing that he had in fact updated it fundamentally and that Maoism could be applied universally throughout the world. This ideology is often referred to as Marxism–Leninism–Maoism to distinguish it from the original ideas of Mao.
The Gang of Four was a Maoist political faction composed of four Chinese Communist Party (CCP) officials. They came to prominence during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) and were later charged with a series of treasonous crimes. The gang's leading figure was Jiang Qing. The other members were Zhang Chunqiao,Yao Wenyuan,and Wang Hongwen.
Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung is a book of statements from speeches and writings by Mao Zedong,the former Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party,published from 1964 to about 1976 and widely distributed during the Cultural Revolution.
From November 1978 to December 1979,thousands of people put up "big character posters" on a long brick wall of Xidan Street,Xicheng District of Beijing,to protest about the political and social issues of China;the wall became known as the Democracy Wall. Under acquiescence of the Chinese government,other kinds of protest activities,such as unofficial journals,petitions,and demonstrations,were also soon spreading out in major cities of China. This movement can be seen as the beginning of the Chinese Democracy Movement. It is also known as the "Democracy Wall Movement". This short period of political liberation was known as the "Beijing Spring".
Red Guards were a mass,student-led paramilitary social movement mobilized by Chairman Mao Zedong in 1966 until their abolishment in 1968,during the first phase of the Cultural Revolution,which he had instituted.
In the People's Republic of China since 1967,the terms "ultra-left" and "left communist" refers to political theory and practice self-defined as further "left" than that of the central Maoist leaders at the height of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (GPCR). The terms are also used retroactively to describe some early 20th century Chinese anarchist orientations. As a slur,the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has used the term "ultra-left" more broadly to denounce any orientation it considers further "left" than the party line. According to the latter usage,the CCP Central Committee denounced in 1978 as "ultra-left" the line of Mao Zedong from 1956 until his death in 1976. This article refers only to 1) the self-defined ultra-left of the GPCR;and 2) more recent theoretical trends drawing inspiration from the GPCR ultra-left,China's anarchist legacy and international "left communist" traditions.
Hai Rui Dismissed from Office (Chinese:海瑞罢官;pinyin:Hǎi Ruì bà guān;Wade–Giles:Hai3 Jui4 Pa4-kuan1) is a theatre play,written by Wu Han (1909-1969),notable for its involvement in Chinese politics during the Cultural Revolution. The play itself focused on a loyal Ming Dynasty minister named Hai Rui,who was portrayed as a savior to passive peasants for whom he reversed unjust land confiscations. The play became a center of scholarly and political controversy because of its implications for debates within the communist party,including at the Lushan Conference,regarding the political role of peasants going forward in light of the failures during the Great Leap Forward.
New Democracy,or the New Democratic Revolution,is a concept based on Mao Zedong's Bloc of Four Social Classes theory in post-revolutionary China which argued originally that democracy in China would take a path that was decisively distinct from that in any other country. He also said every colonial or semi-colonial country would have its own unique path to democracy,given that particular country's own social and material conditions. Mao labeled representative democracy in the Western nations as Old Democracy,characterizing parliamentarianism as just an instrument to promote the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie/land-owning class through manufacturing consent. He also found his concept of New Democracy in contrast with the Soviet-style dictatorship of the proletariat which he assumed would be the dominant political structure of a post-capitalist world. Mao spoke about how he wanted to create a New China,a country freed from the feudal and semi-feudal aspects of its old culture as well as Japanese imperialism.
The Up to the Mountains and Down to the Countryside Movement,often known simply as the Down to the Countryside Movement,was a policy instituted in the People's Republic of China between mid 1950s and 1978. As a result of what he perceived to be pro-bourgeois thinking prevalent during the Cultural Revolution,Chairman Mao Zedong declared certain privileged urban youth would be sent to mountainous areas or farming villages to learn from the workers and farmers there. In total,approximately 17 million youth were sent to rural areas as a result of the movement. Usually only the oldest child had to go,but younger siblings could volunteer to go instead.
The "Learn from Dazhai in agriculture" Campaign was a campaign organized by Mao Zedong in 1963. The campaign encouraged peasants from all over China to follow from the example of the farmers of Dazhai village,Shanxi,by practicing self-sacrifice and upright political activity.
Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun is a phrase which was coined by Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong. The phrase was originally used by Mao during an emergency meeting of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) on 7 August 1927,at the beginning of the Chinese Civil War.
Liu Shaoqi was a Chinese revolutionary and politician. He was Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee from 1954 to 1959,First Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from 1956 to 1966 and Chairman of the People's Republic of China,the de jure head of state,from 1959 to 1968,during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China.
The May 16 Notification or Circular of May 16,officially Notification,was the first major political declaration of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. It was issued at a May 1966 expanded session of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. The May 16 Notification ended a political dispute within the CCP stemming from the Beijing Opera play Hai Rui Dismissed from Office by dissolving the top level of the party's cultural apparatus and encouraging mass political movement to oppose rightists within the party. The result was a political victory for Mao Zedong. The Notification is often viewed as the beginning of the Cultural Revolution.
Mao Zedong's cult of personality was a prominent part of Chairman Mao Zedong's rule over the People's Republic of China from his rise in 1949 until his death in 1976. Mass media,propaganda and a series of other techniques were used by the state to elevate Mao Zedong's status to that of an infallible heroic leader,who could stand up against the West,and guide China to become a beacon of communism.
Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan or Inquiry into the Peasant Movement of Hunan of March 1927,often called the Hunan Report,is one of Mao Zedong's most famous and influential essays. The Report is based on a several month visit to his home countryside around Changsha,capital of Hunan in early 1927. The Report endorses the violence that had broken out spontaneously in the wake of the Northern Expedition,makes a class analysis of the struggle,and enthusiastically reports the "Fourteen Great Achievements" of the peasant associations (农民协会).
The Guangxi Massacre,or the Guangxi Cultural Revolution Massacre,was a series of events involving lynching and direct massacre in Guangxi during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976). The official record shows an estimated death toll from 100,000 to 150,000. Methods of slaughter included beheading,beating,live burial,stoning,drowning,boiling and disemboweling.
The Violent Struggle,also known as Wudou or Factional Conflicts,refers to the violent conflicts between different factions during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976). The factional conflicts started in Shanghai and Chongqing in December 1966,and then spread to other areas of China in 1967 which brought the country to the state of civil war. Most violent struggles took place after the power seizure of rebel groups,and gradually grew out of control in 1968,forcing the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party as well as the Chinese government to take multiple interventions in the summer of 1968.
The Shengwulian or Sheng-wu-lien was a radical ultra-left group formed in 1967 during the Cultural Revolution. The rebel group became known for its opposition to local authorities installed by Beijing and for creatively re-interpreting the Cultural Revolution's official doctrine,becoming active during a period when the political trends of the Cultural Revolution were moving away from mass political mobilization.
References
- ↑ "Programmatic literature written under the oil lamp". Xinhua News Agency . 2021-04-19. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021.
- ↑ Davis, Edward Lawrence (2005). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture. Taylor & Francis. pp. 656–. ISBN 978-0-415-77716-2.
- ↑ Xueping Zhong; Zheng Wang; Bai Di (2001). Some of Us: Chinese Women Growing Up in the Mao Era. Rutgers University Press. pp. 89–. ISBN 978-0-8135-2969-1.
- ↑ Christopher Arnander; Frances Wood; Kathryn Lamb (2008). The Pavilion in the Sky: Chinese Proverbs and Idioms. Stacey International. ISBN 978-1-905299-67-6.
- ↑ "50th Anniversary of the Cultural Revolution: A Look at the Cultural Revolution through Ten Objects". BBC News . 2016-05-09.
- ↑ "Does power come from the barrel of a gun?". Radio Free Asia . 2021-06-02.
- ↑ Stuart Heaver (15 August 2019). "Dear Hong Kong protestors: you have the support of Chairman Mao". The Independent .
- ↑ "A evolution is a petition to eat". Yazhou Zhoukan . 2011-09-19.
- ↑ Davis (2005).