Ricciocarpos

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Ricciocarpos
RicciocarposNatans2.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Marchantiophyta
Class: Marchantiopsida
Order: Marchantiales
Family: Ricciaceae
Genus: Ricciocarpos
Corda, 1829 [1]
Species:
R. natans
Binomial name
Ricciocarpos natans
Synonyms
  • Riccia capillataSchmid.
  • Riccia lutescensSchw.
  • Riccia natansL.
  • Riccia velutinaWilson
  • Ricciocarpus velutinusStephani

Ricciocarpos natans (vernacular name: fringed heartwort[ citation needed ]) is the only species in the genus Ricciocarpos, a genus of liverworts in the family Ricciaceae. [2] [3] It was formerly listed in 1759 as a species of Riccia by Linnaeus, but then assigned to a new genus of its own in 1829 by August Carl Joseph Corda.

Contents

Despite having many common features with the genus Riccia, [2] its most obvious difference from that genus are the long sword-shaped purple scales that hang from the under surface of floating plants. [4] The genus has occasionally appeared in the literature under the spelling Ricciocarpus, but the spelling with an o is the original and accepted spelling. [5] [3] The specific epithet "natans" comes from the Latin word for "swimming", because plants typically float freely in ponds or quiet waters.

Plants of R. natans have two very different forms, depending on the conditions under which the plant grows. One form develops in plants that grow on land (terrestrial), and another form develops when plants grow floating in the water (aquatic). The terrestrial form develops into rosettes 25–35 millimetres across, [6] of short and narrow branches having almost parallel sides. The more usual form is aquatic, and develops as broader, heart-shaped thallus with fewer branchings and long slender purple scales hanging from the underside. The two forms are so physically different from each other that they were originally thought to be different species. [4]

Ricciocarpos is distributed globally, being found almost everywhere except the polar regions [4] though it is rare in parts of the tropics. [7] It may form extensive floating colonies in quiet waters, [8] and grows readily in laboratory cultures. [9] Although fertile plants are not unknown, mature plants bearing spore capsules are rarely found. It is therefore assumed that Ricciocarpos spreads primarily through vegetative reproduction as the plants break apart. [10] It has been suggested that the aquatic forms remain sterile and that sexual reproduction is largely limited to terrestrial forms, [11] but other sources maintain that terrestrial forms are normally sterile as well. [9]

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Aquatic plants are plants that have adapted to living in aquatic environments. They are also referred to as hydrophytes or macrophytes to distinguish them from algae and other microphytes. A macrophyte is a plant that grows in or near water and is either emergent, submergent, or floating. In lakes and rivers macrophytes provide cover for fish, substrate for aquatic invertebrates, produce oxygen, and act as food for some fish and wildlife.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marchantiophyta</span> Botanical division of non-vascular land plants

The Marchantiophyta are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of genetic information.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hornwort</span> Division of non-vascular land plants with horn-shaped sporophytes

Hornworts are a group of non-vascular Embryophytes constituting the division Anthocerotophyta. The common name refers to the elongated horn-like structure, which is the sporophyte. As in mosses and liverworts, hornworts have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of genetic information; the flattened, green plant body of a hornwort is the gametophyte stage of the plant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stolon</span> Horizontal connections between organisms

In biology, stolons, also known as runners, are horizontal connections between parts of an organism. They may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton. Typically, animal stolons are exoskeletons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marchantiales</span> Order of non-vascular plants known as liverworts

Marchantiales is an order of thallose liverworts that includes species like Marchantia polymorpha, a widespread plant often found beside rivers, and Lunularia cruciata, a common and often troublesome weed in moist, temperate gardens and greenhouses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metzgeriales</span> Order of liverwort plants

Metzgeriales is an order of liverworts. The group is sometimes called the simple thalloid liverworts: "thalloid" because the members lack structures resembling stems or leaves, and "simple" because their tissues are thin and relatively undifferentiated. All species in the order have a small gametophyte stage and a smaller, relatively short-lived, spore-bearing stage. Although these plants are almost entirely restricted to regions with high humidity or readily available moisture, the group as a whole is widely distributed, and occurs on every continent except Antarctica.

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Riccia is a genus of liverworts in the order Marchantiales.

<i>Conocephalum</i> Genus of plants

Conocephalum is a genus of complex thalloid liverworts in the order Marchantiales and is the only extant genus in the family Conocephalaceae. Some species of Conocephalum are assigned to the Conocephalum conicum complex, which includes several cryptic species. Conocephalum species are large liverworts with distinct patterns on the upper thallus, giving the appearance of snakeskin. The species Conocephalum conicum is named for its cone-shaped reproductive structures, called archegoniophores. Common names include snakeskin liverwort, great scented liverwort and cat-tongue liverwort.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lepidoziaceae</span> Family of liverworts

Lepidoziaceae is a family of leafy liverworts. It is a group of small plants that are widely distributed.

<i>Riccia fluitans</i> Species of liverwort

Riccia fluitans, the floating crystalwort, is an aquatic floating plant of the liverwort genus Riccia which is popular among aquarists as a retreat for young fry and is used in live-bearing tanks. It can be found floating in ponds, and often forms thick mats on and under the water surface.

<i>Buxbaumia</i> Genus of mosses

Buxbaumia is a genus of twelve species of moss (Bryophyta). It was first named in 1742 by Albrecht von Haller and later brought into modern botanical nomenclature in 1801 by Johann Hedwig to commemorate Johann Christian Buxbaum, a German physician and botanist who discovered the moss in 1712 at the mouth of the Volga River. The moss is microscopic for most of its existence, and plants are noticeable only after they begin to produce their reproductive structures. The asymmetrical spore capsule has a distinctive shape and structure, some features of which appear to be transitional from those in primitive mosses to most modern mosses.

<i>Cavicularia</i> Genus of liverworts

Cavicularia densa is the only species in the liverwort genus Cavicularia. The species was first described in 1897 by Franz Stephani, and is endemic to Japan, where it grows on fine moist soil.

Apotreubia is a genus of liverworts in the family Treubiaceae. There are four species, including: Apotreubia nana, which is found in subalpine New Guinea, and Apotreubia pusilla, which has a disjunct distribution between eastern Asia and British Columbia.

<i>Potamogeton polygonifolius</i> Species of aquatic plant

Potamogeton polygonifolius or bog pondweed, is an aquatic plant. It is found in shallow, nutrient-poor, usually acid standing or running water, bogs, fens and occasionally ditches.

<i>Ptilidium</i> Genus of liverworts

Ptilidium is a genus of liverwort, and is the only genus in family Ptilidiaceae. It includes only three species: Ptilidium californicum, Ptilidium ciliare, and Ptilidium pulcherrimum. The genus is distributed throughout the arctic and subarctic, with disjunct populations in New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego. Molecular analysis suggests that the genus has few close relatives and diverged from other leafy liverworts early in their evolution.

<i>Riella</i> Genus of liverworts

Riella is a genus in the liverwort family Riellaceae, and includes about eighteen species. Plants in the genus are small and grow submerged in shallow temporary pools. Although the genus is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, locating populations is often difficult. Its occurrence is sporadic and local, and the tiny plants are ephemeral. The ornamented spores remain viable for several years, allowing the plants to survive annual drying of their habitat. The plants are easily grown in laboratory cultures.

<i>Caltha natans</i> Species of flowering plant

Caltha natans is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family. It goes by the common name floating marsh marigold.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Semiaquatic</span> Spends part of their time in water, or grows partially submerged in water

In biology, semiaquatic refers to various macroorganisms that live regularly in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. When referring to animals, the term describes those that actively spend part of their daily time in water, or land animals that have spent at least one life stages in aquatic environments. When referring to plants, the term describes land plants whose roots have adapted well to tolerate regular, prolonged submersion in water, as well as emergent and (occasionally) floating-leaved aquatic plants that are only partially immersed in water.

Petalophyllum, or petalwort, is a genus of liverworts in the order Fossombroniales.

Endogemma is a monotypic genus of liverworts belonging to the family Endogemmataceae and subclass of Jungermanniineae.

References

  1. 1 2 Corda, A. C. J. 1829: Genera Hepaticarum — in: Opiz, P. M. (ed.) Naturalientausch 12 (Beiträge zur Naturg. 1): 651.
  2. 1 2 Campbell, Douglas H. (1918). The Structure and Development of Mosses and Ferns (revised ed.). London: The Macmillan Co. pp. 39–41.
  3. 1 2 Crandall-Stotler, Barbara; Stotler, Raymond E. (2000). "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". In A. Jonathan Shaw; Bernard Goffinet (eds.). Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–70. ISBN   0-521-66097-1.
  4. 1 2 3 Schuster, Rudolf M. (1992). The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America. Vol. VI. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. pp. 413–421. ISBN   0-914868-21-7.
  5. ↑ Grolle, Riclef (1983). "Nomina generica Hepaticarum; references, types and synonymies". Acta Botanica Fennica. 121: 1–62.
  6. ↑ Howe, Marshall Avery (1923). "Ricciaceae". North American Flora. 14 (1): 26.
  7. ↑ Wigginton, M. J., ed. (2004). E.W. Jones's Liverwort and Hornwort Flora of West Africa. Scripta Botanica Belgica. Meise, Belgium: National Botanic Garden. pp. 68–69.
  8. ↑ Schofield, W. B. (1985). Introduction to Bryology. New York: Macmillan. p. 310. ISBN   0-02-949660-8.
  9. 1 2 Bold, Harold C.; Alexopoulos, C. J.; Delevoryas, T. (1987). Morphology of Plants and Fungi (5th ed.). New York: Harper-Collins. pp. 190–196. ISBN   0-06-040839-1.
  10. ↑ Allison, K. W.; John Child (1975). The Liverworts of New Zealand. Dunedin: University of Otago Press. pp. 243–245.
  11. ↑ Kashyap, Shiv Ram. (1929). Liverworts of the Western Himalayas and the Panjab Plain. Vol. I. New Delhi: The Chronica Botanica. pp. 89–90, Plate XIX.
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