Robbery Under Arms is a bushranger novel by Thomas Alexander Browne, published under his pen name Rolf Boldrewood. It was first published in serialised form by The Sydney Mail between July 1882 and August 1883, then in three volumes in London in 1888. It was abridged into a single volume in 1889 as part of Macmillan's one-volume Colonial Library series and has not been out of print since.[1]
Writing in the first person, the narrator Dick Marston tells the story of his life and loves and his association with the notorious bushranger Captain Starlight, a renegade from a noble English family. Set in the bush and goldfields of Australia in the 1850s, Starlight's gang, with Dick and his brother Jim's help, sets out on a series of escapades that include cattle theft and robbery under arms.
Plot summary
Patrick William Marony, Starlight's hold-up at the dance hall, 1894
The book begins with Dick sitting in gaol, with just under one month before his scheduled execution for his crimes. He is given writing material, and begins documenting his life's story.
He starts with his childhood, with a father (Ben) who is prone to violence, particularly when he has been drinking; his mother, his sister (Aileen) and brother, Jim. He documents his first exposure to his father's crimes, the theft of a red calf, and the disapproval of this crime by his mother, who says she thought he had given up stealing since the theft which led to his transportation as a convict from England. Dick's first active involvement in crime, comes where the brothers choose to go cattle duffing (stealing), even though an offer of solid, honest work had been made with neighbour and friend, George Storefield. The divergent lives of the brothers to that of George is a recurring theme of the book from this point forward, as they continue to meet up at different points throughout the story's course. This first theft includes their introduction to Captain Starlight, his Aboriginal assistant, Warrigal, and their hideaway, Terrible Hollow.
Further thefts follow, leading up to the brazen theft of 1000 head, driven overland to Adelaide with Starlight. After the success of this adventure, the brothers "lie low" in Melbourne, where they meet the sisters, Kate and Jeanie Morrison. The brothers return to home for Christmas, leading to incarceration and trial of Dick and Starlight. (The magistrate chooses to refer to Starlight only by this nickname, at the Captain's request). Warrigal helps Dick and Starlight escape to Terrible Hollow. The gang later has its first stage holdup.
The brothers then move to the Turon goldfields. Their prosperity through honest, hard work gives them the chance for escape from the country to start a new life overseas. Jim is re-united with Jeanie Morrison and marries her. Dick meets Kate Morrison again, but her tumultuous nature leads her, in an angry mood, to alert the police to their presence, and they narrowly escape capture and return to the safety of Terrible Hollow.
Charles E. Hammond, Starlight and his gang sticking up the Turon Gold Escort, c. 1898
Seeing no alternative to crime, the gang joins forces with a soon- to- be rival Dan Moran and his friends to stage a major hold up of the armed, escorted stagecoach leaving the goldfields. The robbery is a success, with the members splitting up after sharing the gold takings. Starlight's crew hears word of Moran's planned home invasion of a police informant named Mr Whitman, at a time when Mr Whitman was known to be absent. Marston and Starlight intervene, forcing Moran and his men to leave, thus preventing further harm to the women present and the home being burnt down at the end of the night.
At the height of their infamy, the gang attend the Turon horse race, where Starlight's horse, Rainbow, wins. The same weekend, they attend the wedding of a publican's daughter, Bella Barnes, where Starlight fulfils his earlier promise to dance, unrecognised, with her at her wedding, despite the presence of the entire town, including the goldfields commissioner and other dignitaries. Ben Marston is later ambushed and wounded by bounty hunters. Moran, nearby, releases him, and shoots all four bounty hunters in cold blood, again highlighting the different honour codes between the two gangs. Ben returns to Terrible Hollow, and is nursed by his daughter, Aileen. Aileen and Starlight begin a relationship, and arrange to marry.
Despite the animosity between the rivals, they team up again to rob the home of the Goldfield Commissioner, Mr Knightley, but are met with more resistance than they expected. One of Moran's associates is shot in the skirmish, and Moran is keen to kill Knightley when they later have him face to face. Starlight turns the tables by giving Mr Knightley one of his own pistols. He them proceeds to arrange for Knightley's wife to go to Bathurst and withdraw some cash, and meet Moran's men by "the Black Stump", outside of Bathurst town. Starlight passes the time gambling with Mr Knightley, sharing his food, drink and company. Starlight loses money in the gambling, and arranges to repay by direct payment into his account, as well as paying for the horse he is offered when leaving.
Patrick William Marony, Death of Captain Starlight with his head in Warrigal's lap, 1894
Throughout the book, there have been chance meetings with Dick's childhood friend and neighbour, George Storefield who, in contrast with the Marston boys, works hard, keeps within the law and thrives financially. Dick starts to hold up George, now a successful grazier, businessman, magistrate and landholder, before realising who it was. George offers the brothers safe haven and cattle mustering work, which would allow Dick, Starlight and Jim safer travel to Townsville in Queensland, from where they plan to leave to San Francisco. They accept the offer, but are caught, partially due to betrayal by Warrigal and Kate Morrison along the way, and Starlight and Jim are shot dead. Dick is wounded and brought to trial, bringing the story to where it began, with Dick expecting to be hanged shortly.
In a surprise ending, Dick's sentence is reduced to fifteen years imprisonment due to petitions from Storefield, Knightley and other prominent people. He serves twelve years, is visited occasionally by Gracey Storefield, whom he marries shortly after his release, before moving to a remote area of Queensland to manage a station for her brother, George Storefield.
Characters in Robbery Under Arms
Dick Marston: The narrator, an Australian bushman.
Jim Marston: His brother.
Aileen Marston: Dick and Jim's sister.
Mrs Marston: Ben's wife and the mother of Dick, Jim and Aileen.
Ben Marston: Dick, Jim and Aileen's father, a Lincolnshire man transported for poaching.
Jeanie Morrison/"Jeanie Marston": One of two sisters that the Marston brothers meet in Melbourne while "lying low". Later marries Jim. She is Kate's sister.
Kate Morrison: One of two sisters that the Marston brothers meet in Melbourne while "lying low". She is Jeanie's sister and Jim's sister-in-law.
George Storefield: Neighbour and friend of the Marston family.
Gracy Storefield: George's sister and Dick's wife after serving his prison sentence.
Captain Starlight: An honourable bushranger.
Warrigal: Starlight's Aboriginal assistant.
Rainbow: Starlight's horse.
Mr Whitman: A police informant.
Mr Knightley: The goldfield commissioner.
Mrs Knightley: Mr Knightley's wife.
Miss Falkland: A woman whom Starlight and his crew rescues when Dan Moran leads his men in a home invasion of Mr Whitman.
Bella Barnes: A friend of the bushrangers with whom Starlight vows to dance at her wedding.
Dan Moran: A corrupt bushranger.
Note: The spelling of the surname Marston varies in some editions/adaptations. Alternate spellings include "Marsden" and "Masterton".
Allusions/references from other works
The early film adaptations of the book are referenced in the title of Kathryn Heyman's 2006 novel, Captain Starlight's Apprentice.[2]
Major themes
The book, written in first person narrative, contains repeated regrets for the narrator's crimes, highlighting how seemingly minor crimes led to an inescapable life of further crimes. These are contrasted with the success of Dick's hardworking childhood friend, who becomes a successful landowner, merchant and magistrate.
The themes of honour and loyalty are repeated throughout the story, which eventually leads to Dick's redemption from hanging and, having served his time in gaol, a presumed peaceful, safe and legal life.
As a ripping yarn, originally told in periodical installments, the story mostly centres around the lovable villains, who are adventurers and thieves but nevertheless with high moral standards and, in some ways, trapped by circumstances of their own making.
Literary significance and criticism
A reviewer in The West Australian in 1889 noted its authenticity: "The book is written in an original and thrillingly interesting manner, and being from the pen of an Australian author we are spared those ludicrous mistakes which English writers so frequently fall into when describing things Antipodean."[3]
English author Thomas Wood called the novel "a classic, which for life and dash and zip and colour— all of a period— has no match in all Australian letters."[4]
Robbery Under Arms is cited as an important influence on Owen Wister's 1902 novel The Virginian, widely regarded as the first western.[5]
In her literary study, Australian Classics, Jane Gleeson-White noted that the book's use of the "colonial vernacular" bared comparison with Mark Twain's in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: "As with Twain's novel, it is the brilliant vitality and intimacy of Dick's narrative voice, as well as the wild adventures he has with his brother Jim, Starlight and the women they love, that make Robbery Under Arms such lively reading."[6]
Allusions/references to actual history, geography and current science
In his December 1888 Preface to the New Edition, Browne wrote:
"...though presented in the guise of fiction, this chronicle of the Marston family must not be set down by the reader as wholly fanciful or exaggerated. Much of the narrative is literally true, as can be verified by official records."[7]
Although bushranger Frank Pearson claimed Captain Starlight was based on him, Boldrewood claims his character was a composite, based in part on Harry Redford but primarily on Thomas Law, known as Captain Midnight.[8][9] The cattle robbery follows the lifting of about a thousand head by Redford from Bowen Downs Station in 1870.[4] Some of the exploits recounted are based on actual incidents involving bushrangers Daniel Morgan, Ben Hall, Frank Gardiner and John Gilbert, although not all factual events which contributed to the novel took place during the period in which the novel is set.[9] Terrible Hollow, the gang's bush hideaway, is drawn from a sunken valley reported in the Gwydir district.[4]
1941: Robbery Under Arms, adaptation of the book for BBC radio
1943: Robbery Under Arms, the first time the book had been adapted for Australian radio.[10] The adaptation was written by Peter Creswell and directed by Charles Wheeler. It ran for nine episodes and was broadcast throughout Australian on the ABC network,[11] and featured Mary Hoskin, Aileen Harpur, Marion Johns, and Trilby Clark.[12]
Some attempts to adapt the novel in the 1920s and 30s were hindered by the bushranger ban. It has been called "the great lost film" of Ken G. Hall's career.[13]
Browne was paid twenty shillings per performance for Alfred Dampier's theatrical adaptation.[14]
'Rolfe Boldrewood' spent time camped between Warrnambool and Port Fairy in South West Victoria along the banks of the Merri River. He was particularly interested in nearby 'Tower Hill', a place not unlike the 'Terrible Hollow', which some authorities speculate may have been his inspiration for 'The Hollow'. At nearby Koroit, 'Henry Handel Richardson' aka Ethel Florence Lindesay, spent some of her childhood, and used the town to describe unfavourable places in her novels.
Release details
1888, First edition, England, Remington and Co Publishers, Hardback (3 vols.)
2006, edited by Paul Eggert and Elizabeth Webby, Australia, University of Queensland Press, Academy Editions of Australian Literature, ISBN978-0-7022-3574-0, Pub date 31 October 2006, Hardback and paperback. (Full text of original serialised version, including the 29,000 words missing from later publications.)
2023, Standard EBooks (Full text of original version, 244,712 words)[15]
Bushrangers were originally escaped convicts in the early years of the British settlement of Australia who used the bush as a refuge to hide from the authorities. By the 1820s, the term had evolved to refer to those who took up "robbery under arms" as a way of life, using the bush as their base.
Brothers Thomas and John Clarke were Australian bushrangers from the Braidwood district of New South Wales. They committed a series of high-profile crimes which led to the enacting of the Felons' Apprehension Act (1866), a law that introduced the concept of outlawry in the colony and authorised citizens to kill bushrangers on sight. Thomas was proclaimed an outlaw on 31 May 1866.
Thomas Alexander Browne was an Australian author who published many of his works under the pseudonym Rolf Boldrewood. He is best known for his 1882 bushranging novel Robbery Under Arms.
Henry Arthur Readford, was an Australian stockman, drover and cattle thief.
Captain Fury is a 1939 American Western film directed by Hal Roach. It is set in colonial Australia as one of Hollywood's few attempts to depict Australian history.
Robbery Under Arms is a 1920 Australian film directed by Kenneth Brampton and financed by mining magnate Pearson Tewksbury. It is an early example of the "Meat pie Western".
Robbery Under Arms is a 1985 Australian action adventure film starring Sam Neill as bushranger Captain Starlight.
Robbery Under Arms is a 1957 British crime film directed by Jack Lee and starring Peter Finch and Ronald Lewis. It is based on the 1888 Australian novel Robbery Under Arms by Thomas Alexander Browne who wrote under the pseudonym Rolf Boldrewood.
Frank Pearson was an Australian bushranger, operating under the pseudonym Captain Starlight.
Robbery Under Arms is a 1907 Australian silent western/drama film based on the 1888 novel by Rolf Boldrewood about two brothers and their relationship with the bushranger Captain Starlight. It was the first film version of the novel and the third Australian feature ever made.
Captain Starlight, or Gentleman of the Road is a 1911 Australian silent film about the bushranger Captain Starlight. It was based on Alfred Dampier's stage adaptation of the 1888 novel Robbery Under Arms. It is considered a lost film.
The bushranger ban was a ban on films about bushrangers that came in effect in Australia in 1911–12. Films about bushrangers had been the most popular genre of local films ever since The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906). Governments were worried about the influence this would have on the population and bans against films depicting bushrangers were introduced in South Australia (1911), New South Wales and Victoria (1912).
Robbery Under Arms is a 1950 BBC radio adaptation of Rolf Boldrewood's popular 1888 novel Robbery Under Arms.
Robbery Under Arms is a 1907 Australian film based on the popular 1888 novel. It was from the team of J and N Tait and Millard Johnson and W Gibson, who had just made The Story of the Kelly Gang. It is considered a lost film.
In Bad Company and Other Stories (1901) is a collection of short stories and prose essays by Australian author Rolf Boldrewood. It was released in hardback by Macmillan in 1901 as number 423 in Macmillan's Colonial Library Series.
Thomas Frederick Lowry, better known as Fred Lowry, was an Australian bushranger whose crimes included horse theft, mail-coach robbery, prison escape, and assault with a deadly weapon. Lowry briefly rode with the Gardiner–Hall gang, but soon afterwards formed his own gang with John Foley.
Bluecap was an Australian bushranger. Born and raised in New South Wales, he began bushranging in 1867, leading a gang responsible for robberies throughout the Riverina region. He suffered from ophthalmia, and earned his alias on account of a piece of cloth he wore to protect his eyes from sunlight. Captured in November 1867, Bluecap was tried and convicted of armed robbery. He was imprisoned in Parramatta Gaol and released in 1874.
Enngonia, formerly known as Eringonia, is a small town in the north-west of New South Wales, Australia, in Bourke Shire, approximately 98 kilometres (61 mi) north of the regional centre of Bourke. The Warrego River runs just to the west of the town. The central street, Belalie Street, is otherwise the Mitchell Highway running north–south.
Robbery Under Arms is a 1890 play by Alfred Dampier and Garnet Walch based on the novel of the same name by Rolf Boldrewood.
Captain Starlight is a 1945 Australian book by Frank Clune about the inspirations for Captain Starlight in the novel Robbery Under Arms. It was published by Hawthorne Press. According to Catholic Weekly "the author seeks to discover who was Captain Starlight of Rolf Boldrewood's famous Robbery Under Arms."
↑ Australian Broadcasting Commission. (1939), "ROBBERY UNDER ARMS", ABC Weekly, 5 (1 (2 January 1943)), Sydney: ABC, nla.obj-1352880557, retrieved 19 September 2023– via Trove
↑ Australian Broadcasting Commission. (1939), "Plays Robbery Under Arms", ABC Weekly, 5 (1 (2 January 1943)), Sydney: ABC, nla.obj-1352880389, retrieved 19 September 2023– via Trove
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