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Spectroscopy is the field of study that measures and interprets electromagnetic spectrum. In narrower contexts,spectroscopy is the precise study of color as generalized from visible light to all bands of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Photovoltaics (PV) is the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect,a phenomenon studied in physics,photochemistry,and electrochemistry. The photovoltaic effect is commercially used for electricity generation and as photosensors.
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in the US specializes in the research and development of renewable energy,energy efficiency,energy systems integration,and sustainable transportation. NREL is a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Department of Energy and operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy,a joint venture between MRIGlobal and Battelle. Located in Golden,Colorado,NREL is home to the National Center for Photovoltaics,the National Bioenergy Center,and the National Wind Technology Center.
Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is a stable crystalline compound formed from cadmium and tellurium. It is mainly used as the semiconducting material in cadmium telluride photovoltaics and an infrared optical window. It is usually sandwiched with cadmium sulfide to form a p–n junction solar PV cell.
A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is an electronic device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by means of the photovoltaic effect. It is a form of photoelectric cell,a device whose electrical characteristics vary when it is exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices are often the electrical building blocks of photovoltaic modules,known colloquially as "solar panels". Almost all commercial PV cells consist of crystalline silicon,with a market share of 95%. Cadmium telluride thin-film solar cells account for the remainder. The common single-junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts.
Moser Baer was an Indian multinational manufacturer of optical discs,storage devices,CDs,DVDs,based in New Delhi. The company was present in over 100 countries,serviced through 15 marketing offices and representatives,and had tie-ups with other optical media storage manufacturers. Its products were manufactured at its three plants in New Delhi,which employed over 8,000 people. The company had subsidiaries that manufactured photovoltaic cells and modules using crystalline silicon and thin film technologies.
Applied spectroscopy is the application of various spectroscopic methods for the detection and identification of different elements or compounds to solve problems in fields like forensics,medicine,the oil industry,atmospheric chemistry,and pharmacology.
Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are photovoltaic materials that are used to replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as the roof,skylights,or façades. They are increasingly being incorporated into the construction of new buildings as a principal or ancillary source of electrical power,although existing buildings may be retrofitted with similar technology. The advantage of integrated photovoltaics over more common non-integrated systems is that the initial cost can be offset by reducing the amount spent on building materials and labor that would normally be used to construct the part of the building that the BIPV modules replace. In addition,BIPV allows for more widespread solar adoption when the building's aesthetics matter and traditional rack-mounted solar panels would disrupt the intended look of the building.
The William O. Baker Award for Initiatives in Research,previously the NAS Award for Initiatives in Research,is awarded annually by the National Academy of Sciences "to recognize innovative young scientists and to encourage research likely to lead toward new capabilities for human benefit. The award is to be given to a citizen of the United States,preferably no older than 35 years of age. The field of presentation rotates among the physical sciences,engineering,and mathematics."
Organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) are fabricated from thin films of organic semiconductors,such as polymers and small-molecule compounds,and are typically on the order of 100 nm thick. Because polymer based OPVs can be made using a coating process such as spin coating or inkjet printing,they are an attractive option for inexpensively covering large areas as well as flexible plastic surfaces. A promising low cost alternative to conventional solar cells made of crystalline silicon,there is a large amount of research being dedicated throughout industry and academia towards developing OPVs and increasing their power conversion efficiency.
An organic solar cell (OSC) or plastic solar cell is a type of photovoltaic that uses organic electronics,a branch of electronics that deals with conductive organic polymers or small organic molecules,for light absorption and charge transport to produce electricity from sunlight by the photovoltaic effect. Most organic photovoltaic cells are polymer solar cells.
Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter along with liquid,gas,and plasma. The molecules in a solid are closely packed together and contain the least amount of kinetic energy. A solid is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to a force applied to the surface. Unlike a liquid,a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container,nor does it expand to fill the entire available volume like a gas. The atoms in a solid are bound to each other,either in a regular geometric lattice,or irregularly. Solids cannot be compressed with little pressure whereas gases can be compressed with little pressure because the molecules in a gas are loosely packed.
Thin-film solar cells are a type of solar cell made by depositing one or more thin layers of photovoltaic material onto a substrate,such as glass,plastic or metal. Thin-film solar cells are typically a few nanometers (nm) to a few microns (μm) thick–much thinner than the wafers used in conventional crystalline silicon (c-Si) based solar cells,which can be up to 200 μm thick. Thin-film solar cells are commercially used in several technologies,including cadmium telluride (CdTe),copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS),and amorphous thin-film silicon.
There are currently many research groups active in the field of photovoltaics in universities and research institutions around the world. This research can be categorized into three areas:making current technology solar cells cheaper and/or more efficient to effectively compete with other energy sources;developing new technologies based on new solar cell architectural designs;and developing new materials to serve as more efficient energy converters from light energy into electric current or light absorbers and charge carriers.
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy (PC-AFM) is a variant of atomic force microscopy that measures photoconductivity in addition to surface forces.
The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE is an institute of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Located in Freiburg,Germany,the Institute performs applied scientific and engineering research and development for all areas of solar energy. Fraunhofer ISE has three external branches in Germany which carry out work on solar cell and semiconductor material development:the Laboratory and Service Center (LSC) in Gelsenkirchen,the Technology Center of Semiconductor Materials (THM) in Freiberg,and the Fraunhofer Center for Silicon Photovoltaics (CSP) in Halle. From 2006 to 2016 Eicke Weber was the director of Fraunhofer ISE. With over 1,100 employees,Fraunhofer ISE is the largest institute for applied solar energy research in Europe. The 2012 Operational Budget including investments was 74.3 million euro.
David R. Clarke is a material scientist and the inaugural Extended Tarr Family Professor of Material Science and Applied Physics at Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS). He is the principal investigator of the Materials Discovery and Applications Group.
Multiple different photovoltaic module analysis techniques are available and necessary for the inspection of photovoltaic (PV) modules,the detection of occurring degradation and the analysis of cell properties.
References
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- ↑ "Fellows of The American Ceramic Society" (PDF).
- ↑ "IEEE–Roger H. French".
- ↑ "Case Western Reserve wins $14.2 million federal grant to launch innovative materials data science Center of Excellence". 27 September 2022.
- ↑ "Center for Materials Data Science for Stockpile Stewardship–People".
- ↑ "MDS-Rely–Roger French".
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- ↑ Van Benthem, K.; Elsässer, C.; French, R. H. (2001). "Bulk electronic structure of SrTiO 3: Experiment and theory". Journal of Applied Physics. 90 (12): 6156–6164. doi:10.1063/1.1415766.
- ↑ McNeil, Laurie E.; Grimsditch, Marcos; French, Roger H. (1993). "Vibrational Spectroscopy of Aluminum Nitride". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 76 (5): 1132–1136. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1993.tb03730.x.
- ↑ Tan, Guo-Long; Lemon, Michael F.; French, Roger H. (2003). "Optical Properties and London Dispersion Forces of Amorphous Silica Determined by Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 86 (11): 1885–1892. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03577.x.
- ↑ Jones, D. J.; French, R. H.; Müllejans, H.; Loughin, S.; Dorneich, A. D.; Carcia, P. F. (1999). "Optical properties of AlN determined by vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry data". Journal of Materials Research. 14 (11): 4337–4344. Bibcode:1999JMatR..14.4337J. doi:10.1557/JMR.1999.0587.
- ↑ "Photomask blanks comprising transmissive embedded phase shifter".
- ↑ "Ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet transparent polymer compositions and their uses".
- ↑ "Use of partially fluorinated polymers in applications requiring transparency in the ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet".
- ↑ "Optical element producing a modulated region of increased light intensity and optically enhanced photovoltaic cell and LED lighting device including the same".
- ↑ Rajter, Rick F.; Podgornik, Rudi; Parsegian, V. Adrian; French, Roger H.; Ching, W. Y. (2007). "van der Waals–London dispersion interactions for optically anisotropic cylinders: Metallic and semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes". Physical Review B. 76 (4): 045417. Bibcode:2007PhRvB..76d5417R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.045417.
- ↑ Schimelman, Jacob B.; Dryden, Daniel M.; Poudel, Lokendra; Krawiec, Katherine E.; Ma, Yingfang; Podgornik, Rudolf; Parsegian, V. Adrian; Denoyer, Linda K.; Ching, Wai-Yim; Steinmetz, Nicole F.; French, Roger H. (2015). "Optical properties and electronic transitions of DNA oligonucleotides as a function of composition and stacking sequence". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 17 (6): 4589–4599. Bibcode:2015PCCP...17.4589S. doi:10.1039/C4CP03395G.
- ↑ Bruckman, Laura S.; Wheeler, Nicholas R.; Ma, Junheng; Wang, Ethan; Wang, Carl K.; Chou, Ivan; Sun, Jiayang; French, Roger H. (2013). "Statistical and Domain Analytics Applied to PV Module Lifetime and Degradation Science". IEEE Access. 1: 384–403. Bibcode:2013IEEEA...1..384B. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2267611 .
- ↑ Venkat, Sameera Nalin; Liu, Jiqi; Yu, Xuanji; Wegmueller, Jakob; Rath, Kunal; Li, Xinjun; Jaubert, Jean-Nicolas; Braid, Jennifer L.; French, Roger H.; Bruckman, Laura S. (2022). "Evaluation of PV Module Packaging Strategies of Monofacial and Bifacial PERC Using Degradation Pathway Network Modeling". 2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC). pp. 1020–1027. doi:10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938854. ISBN 978-1-7281-6117-4. OSTI 1922071.
- ↑ Fan, Yangxin; Wieser, Raymond; Bruckman, Laura; French, Roger; Wu, Yinghui (2024). "Parallel-friendly Spatio-Temporal Graph Learning for Photovoltaic Degradation Analysis at Scale". arXiv: 2402.08470 [cs.LG].
- ↑ Fan, Yangxin; Wieser, Raymond; Yu, Xuanji; Wu, Yinghui; Bruckman, Laura S.; French, Roger H. (2024). "Using spatio-temporal graph neural networks to estimate fleet-wide photovoltaic performance degradation patterns". PLOS ONE. 19 (2): e0297445. Bibcode:2024PLoSO..1997445F. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297445 . PMC 10866472 . PMID 38354115.
- ↑ Bruckman, Laura S.; Wheeler, Nicholas R.; Kidd, Ian V.; Sun, Jiayang; French, Roger H. (2013). "Photovoltaic lifetime and degradation science statistical pathway development: acrylic degradation". In Dhere, Neelkanth G.; Wohlgemuth, John H.; Lynn, Kevin W. (eds.). Reliability of Photovoltaic Cells, Modules, Components, and Systems VI. Vol. 8825. pp. 88250D. doi:10.1117/12.2024717.
- ↑ Karimi, Ahmad Maroof; Wu, Yinghui; Koyuturk, Mehmet; French, Roger H. (2021). "Spatiotemporal Graph Neural Network for Performance Prediction of Photovoltaic Power Systems". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 35 (17): 15323–15330. doi: 10.1609/aaai.v35i17.17799 .
- ↑ "Making solar panels last longer". 28 March 2018.
- ↑ "Environmental Security Technology". 30 May 2023.
- ↑ "Systems and methods for data analytics for virtual energy audits and value capture assessment of buildings".
- ↑ "R&D 100 Archive of Winners".
- ↑ "Richard M. Fulrath Award–History of Awardees" (PDF).
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