Doubs is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in Eastern France. Named after the river Doubs, it had a population of 543,974 in 2019. Its prefecture is Besançon and subprefectures are Montbéliard and Pontarlier.
Salt, also referred to as table salt or by its chemical formula NaCl, is an ionic compound made of sodium and chloride ions. All life depends on its chemical properties to survive. It has been used by humans for thousands of years, from food preservation to seasoning. Salt's ability to preserve food was a founding contributor to the development of civilization. It helped eliminate dependence on seasonal availability of food, and made it possible to transport food over large distances. However, salt was often difficult to obtain, so it was a highly valued trade item, and was considered a form of currency by many societies, including Rome. According to Pliny the Elder, Roman soldiers were paid in salt, from which the word salary is derived, although this is disputed by historians. Many salt roads, such as the Via Salaria in Italy, had been established by the Bronze Age.
Salins-les-Bains, commonly referred to simply as Salins, is a commune in the Jura department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in Eastern France. It is located on the departmental border with Doubs, 34.8 km (21.6 mi) to the south-southwest of Besançon. In 2018, Salins-les-Bains had a population of 2,567.
The arrondissement of Besançon is an arrondissement of France in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It has 252 communes. Its population is 253,510 (2021), and its area is 1,926.4 km2 (743.8 sq mi).
Claude-Nicolas Ledoux was one of the earliest exponents of French Neoclassical architecture. He used his knowledge of architectural theory to design not only domestic architecture but also town planning; as a consequence of his visionary plan for the Ideal City of Chaux, he became known as a utopian. His greatest works were funded by the French monarchy and came to be perceived as symbols of the Ancien Régime rather than Utopia. The French Revolution hampered his career; much of his work was destroyed in the nineteenth century. In 1804, he published a collection of his designs under the title L'Architecture considérée sous le rapport de l'art, des mœurs et de la législation. In this book he took the opportunity of revising his earlier designs, making them more rigorously neoclassical and up to date. This revision has distorted an accurate assessment of his role in the evolution of Neoclassical architecture. His most ambitious work was the uncompleted Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans, an idealistic and visionary town showing many examples of architecture parlante. Conversely his works and commissions also included the more mundane and everyday architecture such as approximately sixty elaborate tollgates around Paris in the Wall of the General Tax Farm.
Open-pan salt making is a method of salt production wherein salt is extracted from brine using open pans.
The year 1779 in architecture involved some significant events.
Arc-et-Senans is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France.
Fouvent-Saint-Andoche is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
Louis XVI style, also called Louis Seize, is a style of architecture, furniture, decoration and art which developed in France during the 19-year reign of Louis XVI (1774–1792), just before the French Revolution. It saw the final phase of the Baroque style as well as the birth of French Neoclassicism. The style was a reaction against the elaborate ornament of the preceding Baroque period. It was inspired in part by the discoveries of Ancient Roman paintings, sculpture and architecture in Herculaneum and Pompeii. Its features included the straight column, the simplicity of the post-and-lintel, the architrave of the Greek temple. It also expressed the Rousseau-inspired values of returning to nature and the view of nature as an idealized and wild but still orderly and inherently worthy model for the arts to follow.
The Forest of Chaux is the fifth largest forest in France. Its 20,493 hectares are located in the region of Franche-Comté on the plains west of the Jura mountains.
The Lüneburg Saltworks was a salt mine in the German town of Lüneburg that extracted salt.
The Technical Hallors and Saline Museum was founded in the buildings of the former Royal Prussian Saline, Halle upon Saale in 1967. Hallors had been members of a brotherhood of salt producers.
Arnaud Courlet de Vregille is a French painter.
Charles Belle is a French painter. He is known for his outspoken paintings.
Mining in France is based solely on the nature of the material, whether extracted from the surface or underground. These include fuels, metals and a few other minerals.
The Grozon collieries and saltworks are coal and rocksalt mines located in the Keuperian basin, in the Jura department of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, in eastern France. They were mined in the communes of Grozon and Tourmont from 1845 to 1944 for the coal and from the 6th to the 20th century for the salt, after an initial period of mining in the Neolithic period and during the Ancient history. The use of coal on site to evaporate the brine enabled the Jura Mining Company to reduce the cost of salt.
The coal mines and saltworks of Gouhenans constitute a complex of mines and factories situated in eastern France. They have been engaged in the exploitation and processing of rock salt and pyrite since 1831 and coal since 1828. These resources are situated in the same geological layer of the Keuper Basin. The coal deposit was first identified in the 1770s and is situated beneath the communes of Gouhenans, Athesans, and Villafans in the Haute-Saône department, in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. The discovery of salt occurred concurrently with the onset of coal mining operations. The use of locally mined coal for the evaporation of brine enabled the company to reduce the cost of production of salt. The industrial complex was further expanded with the addition of a chemical factory and glassworks, which contributed to a period of economic growth and prosperity in Gouhenans. In 1927, the Kuhlmann group acquired the chemical activity, which remained under their ownership until the facility's closure in 1955.
The Haute-Saône Keuperian coalfield constitutes the coal basins from the Vosges and Jura. From a geological perspective, it represents the most recent of the two coal deposits in Haute-Saône. Coal mining in the region commenced in the late 16th century and continued until the mid-20th century, with operations occurring in the southeastern portion of Haute-Saône, as well as in the northern regions of Doubs and Jura in eastern France. The coal extracted from this field was characterized by high sulfur content, making it a low-grade resource. This quality limited its use in most applications; however, it was effectively used as fuel in boilers for evaporating brine at local saltworks. Additionally, other resources such as rock salt, pyrite, and gypsum were also extracted from the same geological layer.
