Background
Daniel Spofford was one of the earliest adherents of Mary Baker Eddy (then known as Mary Baker Glover). Spofford was born in New Hampshire and grew up as a menial laborer and watchmaker's apprentice in eastern Massachusetts. [8] At 19, he enlisted in the United States Army and served in the American Civil War. [8] After the war, he worked in a shoemaker's shop in Lynn, Massachusetts, and around 1867 obtained copies of some of Glover's early writings on Christian Science. [8] [9] Spofford left Lynn to travel out west, but returned to Lynn in 1870 and met Glover. [9] [10] Spofford took one of Glover's classes in metaphysical healing in the early spring of 1875, and graduated in April. [10] [11]
Immediately thereafter, Spofford organized a group of Christian Science students to provide financial support to Glover (so that she might continue to teach them the tenets of her religious beliefs) and to rent a meeting space for them. [12] He also set up several offices around the area to practice Christian Science healing, and began calling himself "Dr. Daniel Spofford". [11] When Glover had difficulty finding a publisher for her book, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures , Spofford acted as publisher, while fellow students George Barry and Elizabeth Newhall financed the publication. [13] [14] Spofford even distributed handbills alongside Glover to promote the book. [13] He also introduced Glover to her future husband, Asa Gilbert Eddy. [15] Glover and Eddy soon married, and Spofford was asked to help arrange the ceremony. [16] The now-Mrs. Eddy continued to ask Spofford for assistance in handling the mental drain of her many students and the preparations for the second edition of her book. [17]
In the spring of 1877, while Eddy was vacationing, she and Spofford disagreed over the publication terms of the second edition of Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. [18] [19] On January 19, 1878, Spofford was expelled from the Association of Christian Scientists on grounds of "immorality". [20] [21] Eddy then sued Spofford for unpaid tuition, but lost the suit. [22] Eddy and Spofford broke completely shortly thereafter. Modern commentators claim that Spofford felt shut out by Asa Eddy. [19] [23]
Role of Christian Science teaching in the case
In her writings, Mary Baker Eddy developed the concept of "malicious animal magnetism" (MAM), seemingly a form of hypnosis or possibly mental control or mental energy which could harm others. [19] [24] [25] Chapter V of the first edition of Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures was titled "Animal Magnetism Exposed", and explained how the mind can cure itself but also harm others ("mind crime"). [26] [19] [23] [27] [28] Eddy apparently believed that such "mind crimes" could be stopped by having people in close physical proximity to her so she could "intercept" these mental emanations. [26] [29] [30]
MAM proved to be a lifelong concern of Eddy's after 1878. [31] [32] She rushed a truncated, second edition of Science and Health into print in 1878 so that her thinking on the issue could become public as soon as possible, and her lectures paid increasing attention to the issue. [33] In 1881, a more complete, two-volume edition of Science and Health appeared, with the chapter on MAM greatly expanded and retitled "Demonology". [29] [33] (Later editions would remove this term from Science and Health.) [29]
Lawsuit
Lucretia Brown was a 50-year-old spinster who lived in Ipswich, Massachusetts, [22] a town about 12 miles (19 km) northeast of Salem, Massachusetts. An injury to her spine during childhood left her disabled, but she said Christian Science had healed her. [34] She suffered a relapse in 1877 and again in 1878, and accused Spofford of having interfered with her health through "mesmermism". [34] Her lawsuit stated: [35]
...that Daniel H. Spofford, of Newburyport, ... is a mesmerist, and practices the art of mesmermism, and by his said art and the power of his mind influences and controls the minds and bodies of other persons, and uses his said power and art for the purposes of injuring the persons and property and social relations of others and does by said means so injure them.
And plaintiff further showeth that the said Daniel H. Spofford has at divers times and places since the year eighteen-hundred and seventy-five wrongfully and maliciously and with intent to injure the plaintiff, caused the plaintiff by means of his said power and art great suffering of body and mind, and spinal pains and neuralgia and a temporary suspension of mind, and still continues to cause the plaintiff the same.
And the plaintiff has reason to fear and does fear that he will continue in the future to cause the same. And the plaintiff says that the said injuries are great and of an irreparable nature, and that she is wholly unable to escape from the control and influence he so exercises upon her and from the aforesaid effects of said control and influence.
At least one witness claims that Eddy's attorney drew up the complaint for Brown. [36] Eddy strenuously denied this. [33] [37] Some modern scholars have concluded that Brown acted without Eddy's influence, [29] [33] but others have asserted that Eddy was behind the suit. [26] [38] [6] [23] [39]
The trial at the Supreme Judicial Court in Salem opened on May 14, 1878. [36] [39] Judge Horace Gray presided. [40] Mary Baker Eddy and 21 other witnesses traveled to Salem to testify against Spofford. [21] [36] Judge Gray ordered Spofford to appear on May 17. [40] The case garnered widespread attention from the media, with articles appearing in the Boston Globe, Newburyport Herald , and Salem Observer . [38] [29] [39] [40]
On May 17, Amos Noyes, Spofford's attorney (appearing on behalf of his client who did not attend the trial), filed a demurrer with the court, arguing that there was no question in equity and that the court had no jurisdiction in the case. [41]
Brown's attorney, Edward Arens, claimed that mesmerism was an acknowledged fact and challenged the demurrer. [42] Judge Gray dismissed the case, noting the claim was vague and the complaint "framed without a knowledge of the law of equity." [38] [42] The court ruled it was not clear how it could prevent such mental control, even if it were to imprison Spofford. [23] Brown appealed the court's ruling, but the appeal was dismissed in November 1878. [42]
One critical observer called the trial "one of the most bizarre court-room sessions ever held in the United States." [43] Eddy was strongly criticized in the press over the case. [26]
Phineas Parkhurst Quimby was an American clockmaker, mentalist and mesmerist. His work is widely recognized as foundational to the New Thought spiritual movement.
Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures is, along with the Bible, the central text of the Christian Science religion. Mary Baker Eddy described it as her "most important work." She began writing it in February 1872 and the first edition was published in 1875. However, she would continue working on it and making changes for the rest of her life.
Mary Baker Eddy was an American religious leader and author who founded The Church of Christ, Scientist, in New England in 1879. She also founded The Christian Science Monitor, a Pulitzer Prize-winning secular newspaper, in 1908, and three religious magazines: the Christian Science Sentinel, The Christian Science Journal, and The Herald of Christian Science. She wrote numerous books and articles, the most notable of which was Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, which had sold over nine million copies as of 2001.
Christian Science is a set of beliefs and practices associated with members of the Church of Christ, Scientist. Adherents are commonly known as Christian Scientists or students of Christian Science, and the church is sometimes informally known as the Christian Science church. It was founded in 19th-century New England by Mary Baker Eddy, who wrote the 1875 book Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, which outlined the theology of Christian Science. The book became Christian Science's central text, along with the Bible, and by 2001 had sold over nine million copies.
The Christian Science Publishing Society was established in 1898 by Mary Baker Eddy and is the publishing arm of The First Church of Christ, Scientist in Boston, Massachusetts.
The First Church of Christ, Scientist is the administrative headquarters and mother church of the Church of Christ, Scientist, also known as the Christian Science church. Christian Science was founded in the 19th century in Lynn, Massachusetts, by Mary Baker Eddy with the publication of her book Science and Health (1875).
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