Sappinia pedata

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Sappinia pedata
Scientific classification
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Species:
S. pedata
Binomial name
Sappinia pedata

Sappinia pedata is a species of Amoebozoa. [1] [2] [3] Sappinia is a free-living amoeba (a single-celled organism), found in the environment. This organism can cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), However, only one case of GAE due to S. pedata infection has ever been reported, and the patient survived without any long-term consequences. [4]

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<i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> Anaerobic parasitic protist

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<i>Acanthamoeba</i> Genus of protozoans found in soil, fresh water and other habitats

Acanthamoeba is a genus of amoebae that are commonly recovered from soil, fresh water, and other habitats. Acanthamoeba has two evolutive forms, the metabolically active trophozoite and a dormant, stress-resistant cyst. Trophozoites are small, usually 15 to 25 μm in length and amoeboid in shape. In nature, Acanthamoeba species are free-living bacterivores, but in certain situations, they can cause infections (acanthamebiasis) in humans and other animals.

Arbovirus Common name for several species of virus

Arbovirus is an informal name for any virus that is transmitted by arthropod vectors. The term arbovirus is a portmanteau word. Tibovirus is sometimes used to more specifically describe viruses transmitted by ticks, a superorder within the arthropods. Arboviruses can affect both animals and plants. In humans, symptoms of arbovirus infection generally occur 3–15 days after exposure to the virus and last three or four days. The most common clinical features of infection are fever, headache, and malaise, but encephalitis and viral hemorrhagic fever may also occur.

Free-living amoebae in the Amoebozoa group are important causes of disease in humans and animals.

Amoebozoa Phylum of protozoans

Amoebozoa is a major taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae. In traditional and currently no longer supported classification schemes, Amoebozoa is ranked as a phylum within either the kingdom Protista or the kingdom Protozoa. In the classification favored by the International Society of Protistologists, it is retained as an unranked "supergroup" within Eukaryota. Molecular genetic analysis supports Amoebozoa as a monophyletic clade. Modern studies of eukaryotic phylogenetic trees identify it as the sister group to Opisthokonta, another major clade which contains both fungi and animals as well as several other clades comprising some 300 species of unicellular eukaryotes. Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta are sometimes grouped together in a high-level taxon, variously named Unikonta, Amorphea or Opimoda.

Naegleriasis Rare and usually fatal brain infection by a protist

Naegleriasis is an almost invariably fatal infection of the brain by the free-living unicellular eukaryote Naegleria fowleri. Symptoms are meningitis-like and include headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, a stiff neck, confusion, hallucinations and seizures. Symptoms progress rapidly over around five days, and death usually results within one to two weeks of symptoms.

<i>Naegleria</i> Genus of protists

Naegleria is a free living amoebae protist genus consisting of 47 described species often found in warm aquatic environments as well as soil habitats worldwide. It has three life cycle forms: the amoeboid stage, the cyst stage, and the flagellated stage, and has been routinely studied for its ease in change from amoeboid to flagellated stages. The Naegleria genera became famous when Naegleria fowleri, a human pathogenic strain and the causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), was discovered in 1965. Most species in the genus, however, are non pathogenic.

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Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis Rare and usually fatal brain infection by certain amoebae

Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) is a rare, usually fatal, subacute-to-chronic central nervous system disease caused by certain species of free-living amoebae of the genera Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia and Sappinia pedata. The term is most commonly used with Acanthamoeba. In more modern references, the term "balamuthia amoebic encephalitis" (BAE) is commonly used when Balamuthia mandrillaris is the cause.

The common name "brain-eating amoeba" may refer to:

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Sappinia diploidea is a free-living amoeba species.

Sappinia is a genus of heterotrophic, lobose amoebae within the family Thecamoebidae. A defining feature of Sappinia, which separates it from its sister genus Thecamoeba, is the presence of two closely apposed nuclei with a central, flattened connection. Sappinia species have two life cycle stages: a trophozoite and a cyst. Up until 2015, only two species had been discovered, Sappinia pedata and Sappinia diploidea. Sequencing of the small subunit rRNA of a particular isolate from a sycamore tree revealed a new species, Sappinia platani.Sappinia species were once thought to be coprozoic, as the first strains were isolated from animal dung. More research has shown that they are typical free-living amoebae, and can be found worldwide in soil, plant litter, and standing decaying plants, as well as freshwater ponds. In 2001, the first and only case of human pathogenesis in Sappinia was confirmed. The patient was a non-immunocompromised 38-year-old male who presented signs of amoebic encephalitis and who patient made a full recovery after treatment with several antimicrobials. The CDC initially classified the causative agent as S. diploidea based on morphological characteristics, but in 2009, Qvarnstrom et al. used molecular data to confirm that the true causative agent was S. pedata.

Acanthamoebidae

Acanthamoebidae is a family of single-celled eukaryotes within the group Amoebozoa.

Thecamoebidae

Thecamoebidae is an Amoebozoa family.

Balamuthia infection is a cutaneous condition resulting from Balamuthia that may result in various skin lesions.

Sappinia amoebic encephalitis (SAE) is the name for amoebic encephalitis caused by species of Sappinia.

Amoeba Polyphyletic group of unicellular eukaryotes with the ability to shapeshift

An amoeba, often called an amoeboid, is a type of cell or unicellular organism which has the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods. Amoebae do not form a single taxonomic group; instead, they are found in every major lineage of eukaryotic organisms. Amoeboid cells occur not only among the protozoa, but also in fungi, algae, and animals.

<i>Naegleria fowleri</i> Species of free-living excavate form of protist

Naegleria fowleri, colloquially known as a "brain-eating amoeba", is a species of the genus Naegleria, belonging to the phylum Percolozoa, which is technically not classified as true amoeba, but a shapeshifting amoeboflagellate excavate. It is a free-living, bacteria-eating microorganism that can be pathogenic, causing an extremely rare sudden, severe and usually fatal brain infection called naegleriasis or primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). This microorganism is typically found in bodies of warm freshwater, such as ponds, lakes, rivers, hot springs, warm water discharge from industrial or power plants, geothermal well water, poorly maintained or minimally chlorinated swimming pools, water heaters, soil, and pipes connected to tap water. It can be seen in either an amoeboid or temporary flagellate stage.

References

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates  public domain material from websites or documents ofthe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .

  1. Brown, M.; Spiegel, F.; Silberman, J. (2007). "Amoeba at attention: phylogenetic affinity of Sappinia pedata". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 54 (6): 511–519. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2007.00292.x. PMID   18070328. S2CID   45094015.
  2. Qvarnstrom, Y.; Da Silva, A.; Schuster, F.; Gelman, B.; Visvesvara, G. (2009). "Molecular confirmation of Sappinia pedata as a causative agent of amoebic encephalitis". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 199 (8): 1139–1142. doi: 10.1086/597473 . PMID   19302010.
  3. Wylezich, C.; Walochnik, J.; Michel, R. (2009). "High genetic diversity of Sappinia-like strains (Amoebozoa, Thecamoebidae) revealed by SSU rRNA investigations". Parasitology Research. 105 (3): 869–873. doi:10.1007/s00436-009-1482-1. PMID   19495795. S2CID   28942657.
  4. "CDC - Sappinia - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-10-18.