Shaftesbury Abbey

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Shaftesbury Abbey
Shaftesbury Abbey ruins.jpeg
Shaftesbury Abbey ruins
Dorset UK location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location within Dorset
Monastery information
Order Benedictine
Establishedc. 888
Disestablished1539
People
Founder(s)King Alfred the Great
Site
Location Shaftesbury, Dorset, England
Coordinates 51°00′19″N2°11′55″W / 51.0053°N 2.1986°W / 51.0053; -2.1986
The Great Seal of Shaftesbury Abbey Shaftesbury Abbey.jpg
The Great Seal of Shaftesbury Abbey

Shaftesbury Abbey was an abbey that housed nuns in Shaftesbury, Dorset. It was founded in about 888, and dissolved in 1539 during the English Reformation by the order of Thomas Cromwell, minister to King Henry VIII. At the time it was the second-wealthiest nunnery in England, behind only Syon Abbey. [1]

Contents

History

Shaftesbury Abbey, angel Shaftesbury Abbey 3.jpg
Shaftesbury Abbey, angel

Alfred the Great founded the convent in about 888 and installed his daughter Æthelgifu as the first abbess. [2] Ælfgifu, the wife of Alfred's grandson, King Edmund I, was buried at Shaftesbury and soon venerated as a saint, [3] and she came to be regarded by the house as its true founder. [4]

The bones of St Edward the Martyr were translated from Wareham and received at the abbey with great ceremony. The translation of the relics was overseen by St Dunstan and Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia. [5] This occurred in a great procession beginning on 13 February 981; the relics arrived at Shaftesbury seven days later. The relics were received by the nuns of the abbey and were buried with full royal honours on the north side of the altar. The account of the translation reports that on the way from Wareham to Shaftesbury, a miracle had taken place: when two crippled men were brought close to the bier and those carrying it lowered the body to their level, the cripples were immediately restored to full health. This procession and events were re-enacted 1000 years later in 1981. Reports from Shaftesbury of many other miracles said to have been obtained through Edward's intercession helped establish the abbey as a place of pilgrimage.

In 1001, it was recorded that the tomb in which St Edward lay was observed regularly to rise from the ground. King Æthelred instructed the bishops to raise his brother's tomb from the ground and place it into a more fitting place. The bishops moved the relics to a casket, placed in the holy place of the saints together with other holy relics. This elevation of the relics of Edward took place on 20 June 1001.

Shaftesbury Abbey was rededicated to the Mother of God and St Edward. Many miracles were claimed at the tomb of St Edward, including the healing of lepers and the blind. The abbey became the wealthiest Benedictine nunnery in England, a major pilgrimage site, and the town's central focus. A large grange, Place Farm was established at Tisbury to administer the abbey’s Wiltshire estates. [6] William of Malmesbury, in his Gesta regum Anglorum, praised the abbey residents' "steadfast preservation of their purity" [7] and the fervency and effectiveness of their prayers. In 1093, shortly before his election as archbishop, Anselm of Canterbury wrote a letter to Eulalia, who was abbess at the time, requesting their prayers for him; medieval scholar and historian Katie Ann-Marie Bugyis states that it demonstrates his "confidence in the promptness and solicitude" of their prayers. [8] Anselm wrote another letter to Shaftesbury ten years later, which suggests that Eulalia had responded to him and told him that the community had granted his request for prayer; he also thanked them for their prayers for him during his exile from England and asked for their continued intercession as he returned. [8]

In 1240 Cardinal Otto Candidus, the legate to the Apostolic See of Pope Gregory IX, visited the abbey and confirmed a charter of 1191, the first entered in the Glastonbury chartulary. Elizabeth de Burgh, Queen of Scots was imprisoned here from October 1312 to March 1313. By 1340, the steward of the abbess swore in the town's mayor.

Dissolution

At the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, a common saying quoted by Bishop Thomas Fuller [9] conjectured "if the abbess of Shaftesbury and the abbot of Glastonbury Abbey had been able to wed, their son would have been richer than the King of England" because of the lands which it had been bequeathed. It was too rich a prize for Thomas Cromwell to pass up on behalf of King Henry VIII.

In 1539, the last abbess, Elizabeth Zouche, signed a deed of surrender, the abbey was demolished, and its lands sold, leading to a temporary decline in the town. Sir Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour purchased the abbey and much of the town in 1540, but when he was later exiled for treason his lands were forfeit, and the lands passed to the earl of Pembroke then to Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, and finally to the Grosvenors.

Burials

In literature

Thomas Hardy wrote of the Abbey ruins:

Vague imaginings of its castle, its three mints, its magnificent apsidal Abbey, the chief glory of south Wessex, its twelve churches, its shrines, chantries, hospitals, its gabled freestone mansionsall now ruthlessly swept awaythrow the visitor, even against his will, into a pensive melancholy which the stimulating atmosphere and limitless landscape around him can scarcely dispel. [10]

A novel based on the dissolution of the Abbey, The Butcher's Daughter, by Victoria Glendinning was published in 2018. [11]

Shaftesbury Abbey appears in The Mirror & the Light, the final part of Hilary Mantel's trilogy covering the life of Thomas Cromwell, published in 2020. There is an important scene where Cromwell meets Dorothea Clancy/Dorothy Clusey, the illegitimate daughter of Cardinal Wolsey, and Abbess Elizabeth Zouche. Both nuns are real historical figures [12] ,though it is not known whether Cromwell ever visited Shaftesbury Abbey [13] .

Matrix is a 2021 historical novel by Lauren Groff about Abbess Mary of Shaftesbury, supposed by some historians to be the author Marie de France. [14]

List of Abbesses

The list that follows is clearly incomplete. Unless specified, the dates given are those of mentions in the historic record. [15]

Shaftesbury Abbey Museum

Shaftesbury Abbey Museum features stonework pieces excavated from the abbey's ruins, including Anglo-Saxon carvings and medieval floor tiles. Exhibits tell the story of the Benedictine convent and its inhabitants. The museum is open from April through October, and the site also features a medieval period garden and orchard. [19]

The Abbey site today

The site of Shaftesbury Abbey is used to host events including open air viewings of films, drama workshops and performances, as well as historical lectures. It is also the home of the music showcase that takes place during the town's "Gold Hill Fair" in early July and provides a platform for local music. [20]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward the Martyr</span> King of the English from 975 to 978

Edward the Martyr was King of the English from 8 July 975 until he was killed in 978. He was the eldest son of King Edgar. On Edgar's death, the succession to the throne was contested between Edward's supporters and those of his younger half-brother, the future King Æthelred the Unready. As they were both children, it is unlikely that they played an active role in the dispute, which was probably between rival family alliances. Edward's principal supporters were Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia, while Æthelred was backed by his mother, Queen Ælfthryth and her friend Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester. The dispute was quickly settled. Edward was chosen as king and Æthelred received the lands traditionally allocated to the king's eldest son in compensation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eadburh of Winchester</span> Anglo-Saxon nun and daughter of King Edward the Elder

Eadburh was the daughter of King Edward the Elder of England and his third wife, Eadgifu of Kent. She lived most of her life as a nun known for her singing ability. Most of the information about her comes from hagiographies written several centuries after her life. She was canonised twelve years after her death and there are a small number of churches dedicated to her, most of which are located near Worcestershire, where she lived.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Romsey Abbey</span> Anglican church in Hampshire, England

Romsey Abbey is the name currently given to a parish church of the Church of England in Romsey, a market town in Hampshire, England. Until the Dissolution of the Monasteries it was the church of a Benedictine nunnery. The surviving Norman-era church is the town's outstanding feature and is now the largest parish church in the county of Hampshire since changes in county boundaries led to the larger Christchurch Priory being now included in Dorset. The current vicar is the Reverend Thomas Wharton, who took up the post in September 2018.

Ealhswith or Ealswitha was wife to King Alfred the Great. She was one of the most powerful noble women in early medieval England during the time of the Vikings. She was mother to King Edward the Elder who succeeded King Alfred to the Anglo-Saxon throne. Her father was a Mercian nobleman, Æthelred Mucel, Ealdorman of the Gaini, which is thought to be an old Mercian tribal group. Her mother was Eadburh, a member of the Mercian royal family and her lineage was one of the primary reasons for Alfred taking Ealhswith as his wife. Her legacy persists; after her death in the nunnery she founded and in the estates left to her by Alfred.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilton Abbey</span> Benedictine convent in Wiltshire, England

Wilton Abbey was a Benedictine convent in Wiltshire, England, three miles west of Salisbury, probably on the site now occupied by Wilton House. It was active from the early tenth century until 1539.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edith of Wilton</span> English nun, saint, and royal (c. 961–984)

Edith of Wilton was an English saint, nun and member of the community at Wilton Abbey, and the daughter of Edgar, King of England and Saint Wulfthryth. Edith's parents might have been married and Edgar might have abducted Wulfthryth from Wilton Abbey, but when Edith was an infant, Wulfthryth returned with Edith and their marriage was dissolved. Edith and her mother remained at Wilton for the rest of their lives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Godstow</span> Hamlet in Oxfordshire, UK

Godstow is a hamlet about 2.5 miles (4 km) northwest of the centre of Oxford. It lies on the banks of the River Thames between the villages of Wolvercote to the east and Wytham to the west. The ruins of Godstow Abbey, also known as Godstow Nunnery, are here. A bridge spans the Thames and the Trout Inn is at the foot of the bridge across the river from the abbey ruins. There is also a weir and Godstow lock.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barking Abbey</span> Building in London, England, UK

Barking Abbey is a former royal monastery located in Barking, in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. It has been described as having been "one of the most important nunneries in the country".

Amesbury Abbey was a Benedictine abbey of women at Amesbury in Wiltshire, England, founded by Queen Ælfthryth in about the year 979 on what may have been the site of an earlier monastery. The abbey was dissolved in 1177 by Henry II, who founded in its place a house of the Order of Fontevraud, known as Amesbury Priory.

Wherwell Abbey was an abbey of Benedictine nuns in Wherwell, Hampshire, England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leominster Abbey</span> Medieval monastery and convent in Leominster, England

Leominster abbey was an Anglo-Saxon monastery established at Leominster in the county of Hereford, England. The name of the town refers to its minster, a settlement of clergy living a communal life.

St. Mary's Abbey, also known as the Nunnaminster, was a Benedictine nunnery in Winchester, Hampshire, England. It was founded between 899 and 902 by Alfred the Great's widow Ealhswith, who was described as the 'builder' of the Nunnaminster in the New Minster Liber Vitae. The first buildings were completed by their son, Edward the Elder. Among the house's early members was Edward's daughter Edburga.

Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury was the first wife of King Edmund I. She was Queen of the English from her marriage in around 939 until her death in 944. Ælfgifu and Edmund were the parents of two future English kings, Eadwig and Edgar. Like her mother Wynflaed, Ælfgifu had a close and special if unknown connection with the royal nunnery of Shaftesbury (Dorset), founded by King Alfred, where she was buried and soon revered as a saint. According to a pre-Conquest tradition from Winchester, her feast day is 18 May.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cecily Bodenham</span>

Cecily Bodenham was the last abbess of Wilton Abbey. Her tenure as abbess was from 1534 to 25 March 1539, when she surrendered the abbey to the commissioners of King Henry VIII of England during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. She received a generous pension and a property at Fovant, where she retired with about ten of the nuns from Wilton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hildelith</span>

Hildelith of Barking, also known as Hildilid or Hildelitha, was an 8th-century Christian saint, from Anglo-Saxon England but was of foreign origin.

Wulfthryth, also known as Wilfrida, was the second known consort of Edgar, King of England, in the early 960s. Historians disagree whether she was his wife or mistress. In 964, Edgar married Ælfthryth, and then or earlier Wulfthryth returned to Wilton Abbey, where she had been educated. She was accompanied by her daughter Edith, who was widely revered in the eleventh century as a saint. Wulfthryth remained there for the rest of her life as abbess and died on 21 September in an unknown year, around 1000. She was regarded as a saint at Wilton, but her cult did not spread more widely.

Wulfhilda, also known as Wulfhild and Wulfreda among several other names, was an Anglo-Saxon abbess who is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Stourton (died 1438)</span>

John Stourton of Preston Plucknett in Somerset was seven times MP for Somerset, in 1419, 1420, December 1421, 1423, 1426, 1429 and 1435.

Elizabeth Zouche, was an English abbess. She was the last abbess of Shaftesbury Abbey, a Benedictine nunnery founded by Alfred the Great which was one of the largest and richest in England. She signed the deed of surrender on 23 March 1539 which brought the 650 year life of the abbey to an abrupt end and granted all its property and wealth to Henry VIII.

Matilda de Bailleul aka Maud was a Flemish abbess of the English Wherwell Abbey. She arrived in 1173 and transformed the abbey that had few nuns following damage done by William of Ypres years before. She annotated and then gifted an illuminated psalter to her successors which is known as the Saint Bertin psalter.

References

  1. William Page & J. Horace Round, ed. (1907). 'Houses of Benedictine nuns: Abbey of Barking', A History of the County of Essex: Volume 2. pp. 115–122.
  2. "The Abbey Church of St Mary and St Edward, King and Martyr: History". Shaftesbury Abbey Museum & Gardens. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  3. Williams, Ann (2004). "Edmund I (920/21–946), king of England". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8501.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  4. Wormald, Patrick (2004). "Alfred [Ælfred] (848/9–899), king of the West Saxons and of the Anglo-Saxons". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/183 . Retrieved 21 February 2016.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  5. "St Edward the Martyr". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. 1909. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
  6. Historic England. "Place Farmhouse (Grade I) (1184177)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  7. Bugyis, Katie Ann-Marie (2019). The Care of Nuns: The Ministries of Benedictine Women in England During the Central Middle Ages. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 225. ISBN   978-0-19-085128-6.
  8. 1 2 Bugyis, p. 265
  9. Frank R. Heath, The Little Guide to Dorset 1949:232
  10. Hardy, Jude the Obscure .
  11. "The Butcher's Daughter, Review: A Compelling Tale of Tudor England .Irish Times"
  12. https://www.hobnobpress.co.uk/books/p/a-higher-reality-the-history-of-shaftesburys-royal-nunnery-by-john-chandler
  13. h ttps://www.shaftesburyabbey.org.uk/copy-of-history
  14. Grady, Constance (15 October 2021). "In Lauren Groff's Matrix, medieval nuns build a feminist utopia". Vox.
  15. Source : A History of the County of Dorset, vol. 2, Victoria County History, London, 1908.
  16. She may have succeeded Eulalia as abbess, has a charter related to her from the reign of Henry I
  17. Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004). "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/52797. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52797 . Retrieved 1 April 2023.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  18. "STOURTON, John I (D.1438), of Preston Plucknett, Som. | History of Parliament Online".
  19. "Shaftesbury's Heritage". Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2010. Garden
  20. Gold Hill Fair: website of Shaftesbury Rotary Club. Accessed 24 January 2019

Further reading