Sharon Peacock

Last updated

Sharon Peacock
CBE FMedSci MRCP MAE
Born
Sharon Jayne Hardstaffe

(1959-03-24) 24 March 1959 (age 65)
Alma mater University of Southampton (BM)
Open University (PhD)
Spouse
Peter Peacock
​
(m. 1983)​
[1]
Children3 [1]
Awards
Scientific career
Fields Pathogens
Genomics
Clinical practice
Public health [3]
Institutions
Thesis Staphylococcal fibronectin-binding proteins  (2003)
Website www.med.cam.ac.uk/peacock/ OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg

Sharon Jayne Peacock CBE FMedSci MRCP MAE (born 24 March 1959) [1] is a British microbiologist who is Professor of Public Health and Microbiology in the Department of Medicine at the University of Cambridge, and Master of Churchill College, Cambridge.

Contents

Peacock is known for her work on the use of microbial whole genome sequencing in diagnostic and public health microbiology, for research and policy work relating to antimicrobial resistance, and for her research on Burkholderia pseudomallei and Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In 2020, she led the development of the COG-UK consortium, which provided genomic sequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 virus during the pandemic response.

Education

Having failed her eleven-plus (11+) exam, Peacock left school aged 16 to work in a corner shop. She then trained as a dental nurse, before entering training as a state registered nurse. On completing nursing training, she specialised in end-of-life care and studied part-time for A-levels. She enrolled to study medicine at the University of Southampton in 1983, and graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine (BM) degree in 1988. [1] Following this, she did four years of postgraduate training in London, Brighton and Oxford, during which she obtained Membership of the Royal Colleges of Physicians (MRCP). She completed the Diploma in Tropical Medicine & Hygiene at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1994.

Peacock was awarded a Wellcome Trust research training fellowship in microbiology in 1995, supporting a PhD conducted at the University of Oxford and Trinity College Dublin and awarded in 2003 by the Open University for her work on fibronectin-binding proteins in the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus . [4] Training in clinical microbiology led to membership of the Royal College of Pathologists (MRCPath) in 1997. [1] She was awarded a BA in History by the Open University in 1995, studied alongside higher medical training. Peacock completed the Non-Executive Director diploma with the Financial Times in 2017.

In 2023, Peacock was awarded a Doctor of Science (DSc) by the University of Southampton.

Career

Peacock's work is particularly focused upon developing diagnostic and public health innovations from genome sequencing technologies. [3] [5] [6]

From 1998, Peacock worked as senior lecturer in clinical microbiology at the University of Oxford. In 2002 she was awarded a Wellcome Trust Career Development Award, and moved to the Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU) in Bangkok, Thailand where she was head of bacterial diseases research for seven years. During this time, she began collaboration with teams at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [7] on whole genome sequencing of a range of pathogens.

On returning to the UK in 2009, Peacock became Professor of Clinical Microbiology at the University of Cambridge, heading the Peacock Lab. [8] She also took up honorary consultant positions with the Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust and the Health Protection Agency, a public body advising on protecting public health. She maintained a research programme in Thailand, working on the molecular epidemiology of Leptospira , infection mechanisms of Burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis. [7] Peacock has published around 150 papers on these topics. [9] She was a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge from 2013 to 2015 and was elected as an Honorary Fellow in 2022. [10]

Peacock led a working group for the Department of Health's 100,000 Genomes Project and in 2017 contributed to the UK Chief Medical Officer's annual report on antimicrobial resistance. [11]

In 2015, Peacock was appointed the founding director of the Bloomsbury Research Institute, a £50 million research facility intended to investigate new treatments, vaccines, and methods of diagnosing, preventing and controlling diseases. [12]

In 2019, Peacock returned to the University of Cambridge as Professor of Public Health and Microbiology. In the same year she took up a secondment as Director of the National Infection Service, [13] a department of Public Health England (PHE) which operates laboratories working on bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance. [14] By 2020 Peacock was seconded to the position of Director of Science at PHE, and was a member of PHE's management committee. [15] She was the founding director of the COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (COG-UK), established in April 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic to collaborate on whole genome sequencing of the virus. [16] [17]

Peacock has been a non-executive director on the board of Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust since 2015. [18]

Her appointment as the 8th Master of Churchill College, Cambridge, with effect from October 2024, was announced in October 2023. [19]

Research

Large-scale research conducted by Peacock involved studies of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and in 2017 her study into the superbug was published in Science Translational Medicine . [20] [21] She continues to research pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and multidrug resistant bacilli, and to conduct studies aimed at identifying reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance. [6] [22] [23] [24]

Peacock's research has been funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC), the Department of Health and the Wellcome Trust.

COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium

In March 2020, Peacock convened a scientific group of national genomics experts to develop plans for a nationwide pandemic SARS-CoV-2 sequencing network. This created the COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium.

Peacock led this consortium of 16 academic institutions, the Wellcome Sanger Institute, and the four public health agencies of the UK, which became networked with more than a hundred NHS diagnostic and high-throughput COVID-19 testing ("lighthouse") labs. Around 600 people contributed to the consortium outputs.

This capability was used to detect new variants that alter vaccine efficacy, disease severity and/or transmissibility, and was critically important for public health interventions and vaccine roll-out. Consortium members undertook research that revealed patterns of viral introductions and spread at local, national, and international levels. They played a key role in the detection of global Variants of Concern, which began with the description of the transmissible Alpha variant first detected in Kent, UK. Sequencing subsequently detected other Variants of Concern and Interest.

COG-UK generated over a million SARS-CoV-2 genomes for use in the pandemic response. These were released into global open access databases, prior to formal handover of sequencing responsibilities to public health agencies.

Mentoring

Peacock has a strong track record of mentoring within scientific and medical disciplines, driven by her own lived experience of leaving state-maintained education at 16 and taking a circuitous route to University. She combines this with a focus on improving access to educational opportunities, delivered through leadership and governance roles. [25] Peacock is a committed advocate for equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI), which has been recognised with several awards. [26] [27] [28] [29]

Peacock has given numerous talks on women in STEM, including events celebrating International Women’s Day:

The ‘Women in COG’ interview series showcased the lives and work of inspirational women (and male supporters/allies) from the COG-UK network and outside of the consortium. This series was also distilled into a book titled 'Snapshots of Women in COG: Scientific Excellence during the COVID-19 pandemic'.

Peacock has shared the story of her life and career as a woman in STEM through a range of interviews, including:

Honours and awards

Peacock was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 2002, a Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists in 2005, a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) [6] in 2013, a Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology [36] in 2013, and a member of the Academia Europaea (MAE) in 2022. [37]

Peacock was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to medical microbiology. [38] In the same year, she was awarded membership of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) in 2015., [2] and was named in the BioBeat "50 Movers and Shakers in Biobusiness" report. [39]

She received a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) senior investigator award in 2017. [40]

Peacock was awarded the Unilever Colworth Prize in 2018 [41] in recognition of her work in microbiology. [20]

She was honoured with the MRC Millennium Medal 2021, the Medical Research Council's most prestigious prize for exceptional researchers who have made major contributions towards the MRC's mission to improve health, wealth and quality of life. [26] In 2022, she was awarded the Marjory Stephenson Prize Lecture by the Microbiology Society for her work applying the sequencing of pathogen genomes to clinical and public health microbiology including of SARS-CoV-2. [42]

In 2022, Peacock was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Royal Veterinary College in recognition of her achievements and contributions to the One Health agenda. [28]

In 2023, Peacock was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. In the same year she was listed among the best female scientists in the World 2023 Ranking by Research.com (in the top 1000 scientists from 166,880 profiles). [43]

In 2024, Peacock was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the University of Dundee, [44] and elected an Honorary Fellow of the Association of Physicians of Great Britain & Ireland. [45]

Named lectures

Peacock has given numerous named lectures, including The Tony Hart Memorial Lecture (2014) at the University of Liverpool, the Ruysch lecture (2014) at the Amsterdam Medical Centre, the McAuley Oration in International Health (2015) at the University of Otago, New Zealand, [46] the Linacre Lecture (2015) at St John's College, Cambridge, [47] the Emmanuelle Caron Memorial Lecture (2016) at Imperial College London, [48] the Jenner Lecture (2017) at St George's, University of London, the Macfarlane Burnet prize lecture (2019) at the Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases, [49] the Ker Memorial Lecture (2019) at the University of Edinburgh, [50] the Sir Anthony Epstein Lecture (2019) at the University of Bristol. [51] and the Grace Frankland Lecture (2022) at the University of Birmingham. [52]

In 2023, Peacock gave the WADE Lecture at the University of Southampton, [53] the George Griffin Lecture at the Association of Physicians of Great Britain & Ireland, [54] and the Hopwood Lecture (2023) at the John Innes Centre. [55]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wellcome Sanger Institute</span> British genomics research institute

The Wellcome Sanger Institute, previously known as The Sanger Centre and Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, is a non-profit British genomics and genetics research institute, primarily funded by the Wellcome Trust.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bartha Knoppers</span> Canadian lawyer and scientist

Bartha Maria Knoppers, OC OQ is a Canadian law Professor and an expert on the ethical aspects of genetics, genomics and biotechnology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ewan Birney</span> English businessman

John Frederick William Birney is joint director of EMBL's European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), in Hinxton, Cambridgeshire and deputy director general of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL). He also serves as non-executive director of Genomics England, chair of the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) and honorary professor of bioinformatics at the University of Cambridge. Birney has made significant contributions to genomics, through his development of innovative bioinformatics and computational biology tools. He previously served as an associate faculty member at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bridget Ogilvie</span> Australian medical researcher (born 1938)

Dame Bridget Margaret Ogilvie, is an Australian and British scientist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wellcome Genome Campus</span> Scientific research campus in Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, England

The Wellcome Genome Campus is a scientific research campus built in the grounds of Hinxton Hall, Hinxton in Cambridgeshire, England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genome Reference Consortium</span> Science collective

The Genome Reference Consortium (GRC) is an international collective of academic and research institutes with expertise in genome mapping, sequencing, and informatics, formed to improve the representation of reference genomes. At the time the human reference was initially described, it was clear that some regions were recalcitrant to analysis with existing technology, leaving gaps in the known sequence. The main reason for improving the reference assemblies are that they are the cornerstones upon which all whole genome studies are based.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard M. Durbin</span> British computational biologist

Richard Michael Durbin is a British computational biologist and Al-Kindi Professor of Genetics at the University of Cambridge. He also serves as an associate faculty member at the Wellcome Sanger Institute where he was previously a senior group leader.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shankar Balasubramanian</span> Indian-born British chemist

Sir Shankar Balasubramanian is an Indian-born British chemist and Herchel Smith Professor of Medicinal Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge, Senior Group Leader at the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. He is recognised for his contributions in the field of nucleic acids. He is scientific founder of Solexa and biomodal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Julian Parkhill</span> Geneticist, working with pathogens

Julian Parkhill is Professor of Bacterial Evolution in the Department of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Cambridge. He previously served as head of pathogen genomics at the Wellcome Sanger Institute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarah Teichmann</span> German bioinformatician

Sarah Amalia Teichmann is a German scientist, the former head of cellular genetics at the Wellcome Sanger Institute and a visiting research group leader at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI). She serves as director of research in the Cavendish Laboratory, Professor at the University of Cambridge and Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, and is a senior research fellow at Churchill College, Cambridge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Klenerman</span> British biophysical chemist

Sir David Klenerman is a British biophysical chemist and a professor of biophysical chemistry at the Department of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anne Ferguson-Smith</span> Mammalian developmental geneticist (born 1961)

Anne Carla Ferguson-Smith is a mammalian developmental geneticist. She is the Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics and Pro-Vice Chancellor for Research and International Partnerships at the University of Cambridge. Formerly head of the Department of Genetics at the University of Cambridge, she is a Fellow of Darwin College, Cambridge and serves as President of the Genetics Society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicole Soranzo</span> Italian British geneticist

Nicole Soranzo is an Italian-British senior group leader in human genetics at the Wellcome Sanger Institute, Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Cambridge. She is an internationally recognised Human Geneticist who has focused on the application of cutting edge genomic technologies to study the spectrum of human genetic variation associated with cardio-metabolic and immune diseases. She has led many large-scale discovery efforts including more than 1,000 novel genetic variants associated with cardio-metabolic diseases and their risk factors as well as establishing the HaemGen consortium, which is a worldwide effort to discover genetic determinants of blood cell formation and also interpretation of the downstream consequences of sequence variation through a host of integrative analyses and functional approaches.

Professor Carlos Caldas is a clinician scientist and Professor of Cancer Medicine at the University of Cambridge. He is the Chair of Cancer Medicine at the University of Cambridge, an Honorary Consultant Medical Oncologist at Addenbrooke's Hospital and Director of the Cambridge Breast Cancer Research Unit. He is a fellow of Robinson College, Cambridge and an Emeritus Senior Investigator at the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR).

Sarah Chan is Chancellor's Fellow in Ethics and Science Communicator in The Usher Institute at the University of Edinburgh. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Young Academy of Scotland in 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christine Patch</span> Nurse and genetic counsellor

Christine Patch is a nurse and genetic counsellor. She is a Principal Staff Scientist in Genomic Counselling in the Society and Ethics Research group, part of Wellcome Connecting Science, based on the Wellcome Genome Campus. She is also the Clinical Lead for Genetic Counselling at Genomics England, and a former President of the European Society of Human Genetics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium</span> British genomics research consortium

The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) consortium was a group of academic institutions and public health agencies in the United Kingdom created in April 2020 to collect, sequence and analyse genomes of SARS-CoV-2 at scale, as part of COVID-19 pandemic response.

The Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance is a computational genomics research institute in Oxfordshire.

Serena Nik-Zainal is a British-Malaysian clinician who is a consultant in clinical genetics and Cancer Research UK advanced clinician scientist at the University of Cambridge. She makes use of genomics for clinical applications. She was awarded the Crick Lecture by the Royal Society in 2021. Serena Nik-Zainal was also recognized as one of the 100 Influential Women in Oncology by OncoDaily.

Ruth Catherine Massey is an Irish molecular biologist who is a professor at University College Cork. Her research considers pathogens. She was elected to the European Molecular Biology Organization in 2023.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Anon (2020). "Peacock, Sharon Jayne" . Who's Who (online Oxford University Press  ed.). Oxford: A & C Black. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U250669.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. 1 2 "Find people in the EMBO Communities".
  3. 1 2 Sharon Peacock publications indexed by Google Scholar OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
  4. ↑ Peacock, Sharon Jayne (2003). Staphylococcal fibronectin-binding proteins. open.ac.uk (PhD thesis). Open University. doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000f737. OCLC   59268794. EThOS   uk.bl.ethos.275055.
  5. ↑ Sharon Peacock publications from Europe PubMed Central
  6. 1 2 3 "Professor Sharon Peacock". acmedsci.ac.uk. The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  7. 1 2 "Sharon Peacock". sanger.ac.uk. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  8. ↑ "Professor Peacock's Group". med.cam.ac.uk. University of Cambridge. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  9. ↑ "Professor Sharon Peacock". BMC blog network. BioMed Central. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  10. ↑ "Honorary Fellow of St John's named as next Master of Churchill College | St John's College, University of Cambridge". www.joh.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  11. ↑ "Chief Medical Officer's fifth annual report (advocacy volume) on genomics highlights the potential for pathogen genomics in patient diagnosis and infection control". On Medicine. BioMed Council. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  12. ↑ "Sharon Peacock CBE appointed Director of the Bloomsbury Research Institute". ucl.ac.uk. UCL. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  13. ↑ "Professor Sharon Peacock CBE". GOV.UK. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  14. ↑ "Bacteriology Reference Department user manual" (PDF). GOV.UK. Public Health England. October 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  15. ↑ "Leadership chart" (PDF). GOV.UK. Public Health England. July 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  16. ↑ "About us - Find out more about the consortium". nationalarchives.gov.uk. National archives. 5 May 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  17. ↑ "UK launches whole genome sequence alliance to map spread of coronavirus". nationalarchives.gov.uk. National archives. 23 May 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  18. ↑ "Professor Sharon Peacock Non-executive Director". cuh.nhs.uk. Cambridge University Hospitals. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  19. ↑ "Churchill College announces 8th Master". chu.cam.ac.uk. Churchill College. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  20. 1 2 "Double recognition for microbiologist". ITV News. ITV. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  21. ↑ "MRSA: Routinemäßige Genomanalysen können unerwartete Ausbrüche..." Ärzteblatt (in German). Ärzteblatt. 1 November 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  22. ↑ "Sharon Peacock". ucl.ac.uk. UCL. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  23. ↑ "Genomic data may help reveal hidden MRSA outbreaks". CIDRAP. University of Minnesota. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  24. ↑ Gallagher, James (26 October 2017). "Superbug 'sleuthing' finds secret outbreaks". BBC News. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  25. ↑ "Professor Sharon Peacock". www.governance.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  26. 1 2 "Professor Sharon Peacock awarded the MRC Millennium Medal 2021". ukri.org. 7 January 2022.
  27. ↑ Features, Aoife Hanna published Contributions from Steph Clarkson in (6 May 2022). "Meet the women undertaking life-changing work for other people". Woman and Home Magazine. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  28. 1 2 "RVCHonours". Royal Veterinary College. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  29. ↑ Society, Microbiology. "Meet the 2023 Marjory Stephenson Prize winner, Professor Sharon Peacock". microbiologysociety.org. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  30. ↑ "Celebrating Women in Government Science and Engineering – Government Science and Engineering". governmentscienceandengineering.blog.gov.uk. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  31. ↑ "BBC Radio 4 - The Life Scientific, Sharon Peacock on hunting pandemic variants of concern". BBC. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  32. ↑ Royal Society of Medicine (2 November 2022). RSM In Conversation Live with Sharon Peacock . Retrieved 28 August 2024– via YouTube.
  33. ↑ "Desert Island Discs - Professor Sharon Peacock, scientist - BBC Sounds". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  34. ↑ "Sharon Peacock". Apple Podcasts. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  35. ↑ Churchill College, University of Cambridge (20 May 2024). Give me Inspiration! The Paradigm Shift with Professor Sharon Peacock FMedSci CBE - 10th May 2024 . Retrieved 28 August 2024– via YouTube.
  36. ↑ "Prof. Sharon Peacock has been elected as a member of the European Molecular Biology Organisation (EMBO)". cam.ac.uk. University of Cambridge. 18 May 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  37. ↑ "Academy of Europe: Peacock Sharon". Academia Europaea. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  38. ↑ "Sharon Peacock". cam.ac.uk. University of Cambridge. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  39. ↑ "Johnian announced as one of top female bio-entrepreneurs in UK". joh.cam.ac.uk. St John's College Cambridge. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  40. ↑ "NIHR 2017 Senior Investigators announced". uclhospitals.brc.nihr.ac.uk. UCL NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. 22 March 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  41. ↑ "Unilever Colworth Prize 2018: Professor Sharon Peacock". microbiologysociety.org. Microbiology Society. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  42. ↑ "Prize winners 2023". Microbiology Society. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  43. ↑ "SharonPeacock". Research.com. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  44. ↑
  45. ↑ "Fellows Directory - AoPGBI". 29 August 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  46. ↑ "Archive of Otago Global Health Institute Annual Conferences". otago.ac.nz. Otago Global Health Institute. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  47. ↑ "Linacre Lecture". joh.cam.ac.uk. St John's College. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  48. ↑ "The Emmanuelle Caron Lecture". imperial.ac.uk. Imperial College. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  49. ↑ "Macfarlane Burnet Oration". asid.net.au. Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  50. ↑ "2019 Edinburgh Infectious Diseases Annual Symposium". ed.ac.uk. University of Edinburgh. 5 June 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  51. ↑ "CMM Annual 'Sir Anthony Epstein' Lecture Symposium". bristol.ac.uk. University of Bristol. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  52. ↑ "Grace Frankland Lecture "Pathogen sequencing: Time to shoot for the stars?". University of Birmingham. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  53. ↑ "The Great Escape. How viral variants emerged during the pandemic". University of Southampton. 15 February 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  54. ↑ "Learning from SARS-CoV-2 sequencing: What next?". Association of Physicians of Great Britain and Ireland. 17 June 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  55. ↑ "A celebration of microbial sequencing and its benefits for human health". John Innes Centre. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.