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Siege of Yong'an | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Cao Wei | Eastern Wu | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Luo Xian Hu Lie | Bu Xie Lu Kang | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
2,000 (Luo Xian) 20,000 (Hu Lie) | 30,000+ |
Siege of Yong'an | |||||||
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Traditional Chinese | 永安之戰 | ||||||
Simplified Chinese | 永安之战 | ||||||
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The Siege of Yong'an was fought between the states of Eastern Wu and Cao Wei from around March to August 264,during the Three Kingdoms period of China. After the fall of Shu Han to Wei in 263,Wu attempted to seize Shu's territory but was resisted by the former Shu general,Luo Xian,who later submitted to Wei. The battle concluded with a Wei victory.
Badong Commandery (巴東郡;covering parts of present-day Chongqing) was a territory held by Shu Han that was located near the border of its ally,Eastern Wu. In September or October 263,the state of Cao Wei launched an invasion of Shu. The Shu general,Yan Yu (閻宇),who was in charge of guarding Badong,received orders to lead troops to support the Shu forces at the frontline. Yan Yu's deputy,Luo Xian, [1] remained behind with only 2,000 troops to guard Yong'an (永安;present-day Fengjie County,Chongqing),the capital of Badong. [2] [3] In November or December 263,when news that the Shu capital,Chengdu,had fallen reached Yong'an,Luo Xian managed to calm down the people and restore order and stability in Yong'an. [4]
Prior to its fall,Shu had also notified Wu about the invasion. In response,the Wu emperor,Sun Xiu,launched a three-pronged operation to divert Wei's attention from Shu. However,after news of Shu's fall reached Wu,Sun Xiu pulled back his forces. Wu then prepared to take advantage of the situation by invading Shu and seizing control of their former territories under the pretext of sending reinforcements to resist Wei. However,with Shu conquered,Luo Xian did not think that Wu would last for long. Furthermore,he perceived Wu's actions as a betrayal of their alliance, [5] [6] and thus he strengthened the defences in Yong'an to resist the Wu takeover. [7] [8]
Around March 264,the Wu general,Bu Xie,led troops from Xiling (西陵;present-day Yichang,Hubei) to attack Yong'an but encountered strong resistance from Luo Xian and his men. As the Wu forces rained arrows on his position,Luo Xian ordered his subordinate,Yang Zong (楊宗),to break out of the siege and seek help from the Wei general,Chen Qian. He also surrendered his tallies and sent his son as a hostage to convince the Wei regent Sima Zhao of his sincerity. During this time,he led his men to strike back at Bu Xie's forces and defeated them. [9]
Enraged at Bu Xie's defeat,the Wu emperor Sun Xiu ordered his general,Lu Kang,to lead 30,000 troops to support Bu Xie and besiege Yong'an. After a six-month-long siege,more than half of Yong'an's population fell sick from infectious diseases. [10] When someone suggested that he break out of the siege and head south towards Zangke Commandery (牂柯郡;covering parts of present-day Guizhou) or head north to Shangyong Commandery (上庸郡;covering parts of present-day northwestern Hubei),Luo Xian refused,stating he was prepared to die defending the city. [11] [12]
After Chen Qian relayed Luo Xian's call for help to Sima Zhao,the Wei regent ordered the general,Hu Lie,to lead 20,000 troops from Jing Province to divert Wu forces from Yong'an by attacking Xiling. In July or August 264,Wu forces retreated after failing to capture Yong'an and due to the Wei attack at Xiling. [13]
Sima Zhao accepted Luo Xian's surrender and ordered him to remain behind and continue guarding Yong'an. [14] Due to his efforts in Yong'an,Wei consolidated their control over Shu's former territories while Wu was unable to make any territorial gain in the wake of Shu's demise.
The Battle of Xiaoting (猇亭之戰),also known as the Battle of Yiling and the Battle of Yiling and Xiaoting,was fought between the state of Shu and the state of Wu,between the years 221 and 222 in the early Three Kingdoms period of China. The battle is significant because Wu was able to turn the situation from a series of initial losses into a defensive stalemate,before proceeding to win a decisive victory over Shu. The Wu victory halted the Shu invasion and preceded the death of Liu Bei,Shu's founding emperor.
Jiang Wei,courtesy name Boyue,was a military general of the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in Ji County,Jiang Wei started his career as a military officer in his native Tianshui Commandery,which was a territory of Wei. In 228,when Wei's rival state Shu launched an invasion led by Zhuge Liang,Jiang Wei was distrusted by Ma Zun,then administrator of Tianshui Commandery. As such,Jiang Wei had to defect to Shu. Zhuge Liang,the Imperial Chancellor and regent of Shu,highly regarded Jiang Wei and appointed him as a general in Shu. After Zhuge Liang's death in 234,Jiang Wei continued serving as a military commander during the regencies Jiang Wan and Fei Yi,eventually rising to the highest military rank of General-In-Chief (大將軍) after Fei Yi's death in 253. Between 240 and 262,he continued Zhuge Liang's legacy of waging war against Wei by leading another 11 military campaigns. However,Jiang Wei's campaigns were relatively constrained in terms of both scale and duration due to Shu's limited resources and inadequate food supplies,as well as internal political faultlines. In 263,when Wei launched a massive invasion of Shu,Jiang Wei led Shu forces to resist the invaders at Tazhong,Yinping and Jiange,himself defending Jiange which was under Zhong Hui's attack. While Jiang Wei managed to temporarily stall Wei's main force led by Zhong Hui,Deng Ai,another military commander of Wei,took a shortcut via Yinping and showed up at Chengdu unexpectedly. Liu Shan surrendered to Deng Ai without putting up resistance and ordered Jiang Wei to surrender to the Wei general Zhong Hui;this event marked the end of Shu's existence. In the following year,Jiang Wei instigated Zhong Hui to launch a rebellion in Chengdu against the Wei regent Sima Zhao and hoped to use the opportunity to gain military power and restore Shu. However,some of Zhong Hui's officers were unwilling to participate in the rebellion and started a mutiny,killing Jiang Wei and Zhong Hui.
Deng Ai,courtesy name Shizai,was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He is best known for his pivotal role in the Wei conquest of its rival state,Shu,in 263. He was described as a very loyal subject who made great contributions to Wei,but was also noted for his arrogance and audacity,which led to his downfall and death.
Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu Han against the rival state of Cao Wei from 228 to 234 during the Three Kingdoms period in China. All five expeditions were led by Zhuge Liang,the Imperial Chancellor and regent of Shu. Although they proved unsuccessful and ended up as a stalemate,the expeditions have become some of the best known conflicts of the Three Kingdoms period and one of the few battles during it where each side fought against each other with hundreds of thousands of troops,as opposed to other battles where one side had a huge numerical advantage.
Cao Zhen,courtesy name Zidan,was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was an adopted son of Cao Cao,a warlord who rose to power in the late Eastern Han dynasty and laid the foundation for Wei. After Cao Cao's death and the end of the Eastern Han dynasty,Cao Zhen served under Cao Pi and Cao Rui,the first two emperors of Wei. He is best known for leading a successful defence of Wei from the first two of a series of invasions by Wei's rival state,Shu Han,between 228 and 229.
Guo Huai,courtesy name Boji,was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He started his career towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty under the warlord Cao Cao as a subordinate of Cao Cao's generals Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He. During the Three Kingdoms period,he served in Wei,the state established by Cao Cao's son Cao Pi,and lived through the reigns of four Wei emperors. From the 220s until his death in 255,he governed and defended Wei's western borders in Yong and Liang provinces. During this time,he resisted multiple invasions by Wei's rival state,Shu Han,and quelled some rebellions by local Qiang,Di and other non-Han Chinese tribes.
Huang Quan,courtesy name Gongheng,was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlords Liu Zhang and Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty and in the state of Shu Han during the early Three Kingdoms period before defecting to Cao Wei. Liu Bei relied heavily on Huang Quan for counsel in both domestic and foreign policy. Under the Wei government,however,Huang Quan was restricted to only internal affairs because even though the Wei emperor Cao Pi appreciated him for his talent,he doubted Huang Quan's allegiance and believed he was still secretly loyal to Liu Bei.
Wu Ban,courtesy name Yuanxiong,was a Chinese military general of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China.
Luo Xian,courtesy name Lingze,was a military general of the Jin dynasty of China. He previously served in the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period. He is best known for defending his position at Yong'an for about six months against attacks from Shu's former ally state Wu after the fall of Shu.
Bu Zhi,courtesy name Zishan,was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Originally a scholar of humble background,he became a subordinate of the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty and gradually rose through the ranks. Between 210 and 220,he served as the governor of the remote and restive Jiao Province in southern China. During the Battle of Xiaoting/Yiling of 221–222,he quelled local uprisings in Sun Quan's territories in southern Jing Province and maintained peace in the area. After Sun Quan became emperor in 229,Bu Zhi oversaw the Wu armed forces guarding the Wu–Shu border at Xiling for about 20 years. During this time,he also gave advice to Sun Quan's first heir apparent,Sun Deng,and spoke up for officials affected by LüYi's abuses of power. In 246,he became the fourth Imperial Chancellor of Wu,but died in office in the following year.
Xin Xianying (191–269) was a Chinese noblewoman,aristocrat and advisor who lived during the Three Kingdoms period. She was a daughter of Xin Pi,an official of the state of Cao Wei. The only extant historical source about her life is her biography written by her maternal grandson,Xiahou Zhan (夏侯湛),who was a notable scholar and official of the Jin dynasty. She is best known for giving advice to her family members and relatives during significant events in the history of Cao Wei such as the Incident at the Gaoping Tombs and Zhong Hui's Rebellion.
Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions refer to a series of eleven military campaigns launched by the state of Shu Han against its rival state,Cao Wei,between 240 and 262 CE during the Three Kingdoms period in China. The campaigns were led by Jiang Wei,a prominent Shu general. Unlike the previous Northern campaigns led by Zhuge Liang,which added Wudu and Yinping commanderies to Shu Han state territories,Jiang Wei's campaigns ended up being unpopular in both the military and civil circles in Shu. Also unlike Zhuge Liang's campaigns which often featured 60,000 to sometimes even 100,000 Shu Troops,Jiang Wei's were often much smaller rarely exceeding 30,000 even after the death of Fei Yi,where Jiang Wei assumed control of the military. The Zhuge Liang campaigns did suffer from logistical and supply issues for their large army. Zhuge's successor Jiang Wan,believed that it was the Hanzhong's mountainous terrain itself that were to blame for the campaigns failures and attempted to switch the route thru the Han river. Fei Yi,who succeeded Jiang Wan,agreed,and never allowed any large campaigns to be launched by Hanzhong. Jiang Wei however overlooked these concerns and used Hanzhong as his home base as Zhuge Liang did.
The Conquest of Shu by Wei was a military campaign launched by the dynastic state of Cao Wei against its rival Shu Han in late 263 during the Three Kingdoms period of China. The campaign culminated in the fall of Shu Han and the tripartite equilibrium maintained in China for over 40 years since the end of the Eastern Han dynasty in 220. The conquest laid the foundation for an eventual reunified China under the Western Jin dynasty in 280.
Zong Yu,courtesy name Deyan,was a military general and diplomat of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Like Liao Hua and Zhang Yi,Zong was one of few officials who served the Shu-Han state throughout its entire existence.
The Battle of Dongxing,also known as the Battle of Dongguan,was fought from January to February 253 between the states of Cao Wei and Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. The battle concluded with a tactical victory for Wu.
The Battle of Quebei was a military offensive launched in 241 by the state of Eastern Wu against its rival state,Cao Wei,during the Three Kingdoms period of China. The campaign was initiated by Wu's founding emperor,Sun Quan,two years after the death of the second Wei emperor,Cao Rui. The campaign ended with an overall failure. Despite its name,Quebei being the location where most of the fighting took place,the campaign was actually a two-front attack and covered a wide area in Anhui and Hubei.
Zhuge Rong,courtesy name Shuchang,was a military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the third son of Zhuge Jin,a military general who served under Wu's founding emperor Sun Quan,and a younger brother of Zhuge Ke,a military general who briefly served as regent for Sun Quan's successor,Sun Liang.
Tao Huang,courtesy name Shiying,was a military officer of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period and later for the Jin dynasty (266–420). Tao Huang was most notable for his administration of Jiaozhou for more than twenty years,during the Eastern Wu and Western Jin eras. He was also responsible for Wu's victory against Jin in Jiao between 268 and 271,one of the few major victories Wu had over Jin in the final years of the Three Kingdoms.
Chen An,courtesy name Huhou,was a Chinese military general and warlord of the Jin dynasty (266–420) and Han Zhao during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. During the aftermath of the Disaster of Yongjia in northern China,Chen An became a favored general of the Jin prince Sima Bao in Qinzhou,but an assassination attempt on him made by one of Bao's subordinates in 315 prompted Chen An to declare independence in Longcheng. He submitted to the Han Zhao state in 319,but after a misunderstanding between him and the emperor,Liu Yao,Chen An rebelled in 322,declaring himself the King of Liang. Chen An's reign was short,as he was defeated and executed by Han Zhao forces the following year.
The Battle of Fancheng was a military offensive launched in 241 by the state of Eastern Wu against its rival state,Cao Wei,during the Three Kingdoms period of China. The campaign was initiated by Wu's founding emperor,Sun Quan,two years after the death of the second Wei emperor,Cao Rui. The campaign ended with a decisive defeat for the Wu forces.