| Sinistrofulgur sinistrum | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Empty shell on Cayo Costa Island, Florida | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Busyconidae |
| Genus: | Sinistrofulgur |
| Species: | S. sinistrum |
| Binomial name | |
| Sinistrofulgur sinistrum (Hollister, 1958) | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
| |
Sinistrofulgur sinistrum is an edible species of large predatory sea snail in the family Busyconidae, the busycon whelks. [1]
Sinistrofulgur sinistrum was named by S. C. Hollister in 1958, originally as Busycon (Sinistrofulgur) sinistrum. [2] It had previously been included in the species Busycon contrarium, now known as Sinistrofulgur contrarium, [3] but S. contrarium is now considered an exclusively fossil species. [4] A study by Wise and colleagues in 2004 found that the level of genetic divergence between lightning whelk populations in different regions were low enough to be considered a single species with three subspecies, Busycon perversum perversum, B. perversum sinistrum, and B. perversum laeostomum. [4] In contrast, in 2015 Petuch recognized four distinct species, including Sinistrofulgur sinistrum, distinguishing them by their range and shell morphology. [3] As of 2024, Sinistrofulgur sinistrum is listed as an accepted species on MolluscaBase. [5]
The size of the shell varies between 20 and 45 cm (7.9 and 17.7 in).
This species normally has a sinistral (left-handed) shell, thus the scientific name. (When the shell is held with the spiral end up, the opening is on the left side.) The spire is low and the siphonal canal is long. There is a distinct shoulder where the spire meets the body whorl; knobs of small to moderate size are found at the shoulder. The base color of the shell is variable but is usually pale, and the shell is marked with dark stripes that run down its long axis.
This marine species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the North Atlantic Ocean. [3] They can also be found in shallow bays along the Texas Gulf Coast. It has been spotted along the Coastline from Florida to South Carolina and parts of North Carolina as well. Lightning Whelk are more frequent on the West coast of Florida than the East coast and due to their difference in location, they are unable to interact or reproduce with one another, which causes morphological difference between the two. Major mound sites for Lightning Whelk shells in the United States can be found at Moundsville Alabama, Etowah Georgia, Spiro Oklahoma, and other areas. [6] They prefer sandy and muddy sea floors along shallow bays, seeking sunlight.
There are few predators noted for the lightning whelk. But, one noted predator was the box crab Calappa flammea. This species was noted as being a predator for the lightning whelk. The lightning whelk does not possess many predators due to its large size and the density of their shell. But,the lightning whelk is a predatory gastropod that feeds primarily on bivalve mollusks, such as clams, oysters, and mussels. One of its main prey is the Mercenaria mercenaria, commonly known as the hard clam. This gastropod is closely related to Sinistrofulgur sinistrum which has been studied to see if this is why these organisms have the predator-prey relationship. There is research being conducted to confirm if the evolution of Sinistrofulgur sinistrum is due to trying to keep up with its own dietary needs with the Mercenaria mercenaria.
Sinistrofulgur sinistrum reproduce sexually, males will deposit a sperm packet on the bottom of the foot and once the. female is fertilized the females will lay eggs inside of a protective capsule that is attached to each other by an egg-case string. Each one can have as many as 175 egg capsules containing 20 to 100 eggs per capsule. The egg-case string is attaches to the mud or sand by the mother, Once they hatch the juveniles will exit through a capsule port in the egg capsule. Because they are carnivores through out their entire lives, the juvenile S. sinistrum will feed on the eggs that did not hatch before exiting the capsule port.
The early periods, around 3000 BC, marked the use of lightning whelk shells as ceremonial objects in the Southeast regions, encompassing the Gulf of Mexico and the lower Atlantic Coast. [6] These shells held economic significance for coastal communities due to their spirality. They were utilized by Native Americans in ritualistic practices and architectural endeavors.
In Native American rituals, the spirals of the lightning whelk were associated with celestial elements such as the sun and fire, as well as purification rituals. Although not directly involved in the making of the “black drink” consumed before battles or important events, lightning whelk shells were used to store the beverage when necessary. Fire was revered as a representation of the sun on earth, and the circular direction of the marine shell symbolized the dances performed by the Native Americans. Clockwise dances mirrored the sun’s perilous path toward death, while counterclockwise dances symbolized life and allowed for healing rituals and women’s dances. Creek medicine men would start blessing or doctoring a house from the north and proceed in the counterclockwise direction around its perimeter. Architecturally, lighting whelk shells were incorporated into cups and ceramic vessels. Cups were specifically designed for the consumption of the “black drink”, central to ritualistic practices. Ceramic vessels often imitated lightning whelk cups and depicted the apical structures of natural shells.
Overall, the use of lightning whelk shells in both ritualistic and architectural contexts underscores their profound cultural importance to Native American communities during this early period, serving as tangible expressions of spiritual beliefs and societal customs.
Triplofusus giganteus, commonly known as the Florida horse conch, or the giant horse conch, is a species of extremely large predatory subtropical and tropical sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, tulip snails and their allies. On average, it weighs over 11 pounds.
The knobbed whelk is a species of very large predatory sea snail, or in the US, a whelk, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Busyconidae, the busycon whelks.
Busycotypus canaliculatus, commonly known as the channeled whelk, is a very large predatory sea snail, a marine prosobranch gastropod, a busycon whelk, belonging to the family Busyconidae.
Busycon is a genus of very large edible sea snails in the subfamily Busyconinae. These snails are commonly known in the United States as whelks or Busycon whelks. Less commonly they are loosely, and somewhat misleadingly, called "conchs".
Dakshinavarti shankha, also referred to as Valampuri shankhu and Sri Lakshmi shankha is a sacred Hindu conch. It refers to the shell of a large sea snail from the Indian Ocean, but one that has a rare reverse-turning spiral.
Rapana venosa, common name the veined rapa whelk or Asian rapa whelk, is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or whelk, in the family Muricidae, the rock shells.
Sinistrofulgur perversum, the lightning whelk, is a species of very large predatory sea snail or whelk, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Busyconidae, the busycon whelks. This species has a left-handed or sinistral shell. It eats mostly bivalves.
Sinistrofulgur contrarium is a fossil snail species of the busycon whelks in the family Busyconidae. There has been some confusion about the correct taxonomy of this species, which has been confused with the extant species Sinistrofulgur sinistrum Hollister, 1958, and Sinistrofulgur perversum
Busycotypus is a genus of very large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Busycotypinae.
Turbinella pyrum, common names the chank shell, sacred chank or chank, also known as the divine conch or referred to simply as a conch, is a species of very large sea snail with a gill and an operculum, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinellidae. This species occurs in the Indian Ocean.
Fasciolaria tulipa, common name the true tulip, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fasciolariidae. This fiercely predatory species occupies a wide geographic area within the Western Atlantic and is known, along with the other Fasciolariids, for the superficial resemblance their shells possess to a closed tulip flower.
Fulguropsis is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Busyconidae, the crown conches and their allies.
Nucella ostrina, the northern striped dogwinkle, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. Other common names for this mollusk include emarginate dogwinkle, short-spired purple dogwinkle, striped dogwinkle, ribbed dogwinkle, emarginate whelk, ribbed rock whelk, rock thais, short-spired purple snail and rock whelk.
Nucella squamosa, common name the scaly dogwhelk, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
The thinstripe hermit crab, Clibanarius vittatus, is a species of hermit crab in the family Diogenidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the western Atlantic Ocean.
Nassarius fossatus, the channeled basket snail, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Nassariidae, the nassa mud snails or dog whelks. It is native to the west coast of North America where it is found on mudflats on the foreshore and on sand and mud in shallow water.
The Busyconinae are taxonomic subfamily of large sea snails, often known as whelks. The name "whelk" also refers to Buccinidae. Busyconinae consists of Recent and fossil species.
Sinistrofulgur is a genus of large sea snails with left-handed shell-coiling, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Busyconinae.
Fulguropsis spirata, commonly known as pear whelk, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Busyconidae, the busycon whelks. The species is also occasionally referred to as the Gulf pear whelk to differentiate it from other Fulguropsis species which are also referred to as pear whelks. It is an edible mollusc found in areas from the Caribbean to the Western Gulf of Mexico. The species was previously thought to range through the entire Gulf of Mexico down the Florida Peninsula and as far north as North Carolina in the Atlantic. The species is generally not found East of the Mississippi Delta, and any Fulguropsis found Eastward from said delta are most likely of the species Fulguropsis pyruloides. As a result many records of F. pyruloides from the aforementioned regions are falsely labelled as F. spirata.
Fulguropsis pyruloides is a species of Marine Gastropod, commonly known as the pear whelk. It is also known as the Florida pear whelk or Atlantic pear whelk in scientific and shelling circles to differentiate from the more well known Fulguropsis spirata, which is also known as the Pear Whelk. It was first described by American conchologist, Thomas Say, in 1822.
