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Sir-Kıvchak were a Turkic people whose existence is controversial and who were proposed to be precursors to the Kipchaks who settled in East Europe in the 10th century.
The Sir appeared as Xinli 薪犁 (OC: *siŋ-ri(:)l) in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian but were not referred to again until the 7th century as Xue 薛 (MC: *siᴇt̚). [1] [2]
In the Bain Tsokto inscriptions of 720s erected by Tonyukuk, the name Türük "Turks" is mostly accompanied by the name (E)Sir (Old Turkic script: 𐰾𐰃𐰼). [3] [4] According to S.G.Klyashtorny and T.İ. Sultanov this shows the importance of Sir element in the Second Turkic Khaganate (681-744) [5] This opinion is possibly supported by the fact that in the Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments erected in 735 for Bilge Khagan, the name Sir follows the name Türük and precedes other tribal names. [3]
After the defeat of the short lived Xueyantuo khanate in 646, Sir people escaped to west. In 679-681 term they supported Turkic revolt against the Tang Empire in China. After the Turkic Empire was restored they took part in the formation of the new empire.[ citation needed ]
Uyghurs, who replaced the Second Turkic Khaganate possibly mentioned the Kïvchak, instead of Sir, as the tribe who accompanied the Turks [5] in their Moyun Chur monument. Thus it seems that the names Sir and Kïvchak were used interchangeably and Kïvchak was the name Sir people assumed after the collapse of the Turkic Empire. Klyashtorny proposed that the new name Kïvchak means "unfortunate" in Old Turkic language, probably referring to the problems they encountered after the collapse of the empire. Kïvchak remnants escaped to west to Kimek territory. The Kipchak people of the later era likely descended from the Kïvchak of the 8th century.[ citation needed ] However, this early attestation of the ethnonym Kipchak is uncertain as damages on the inscription leave only -čq (𐰲𐰴) (*-čaq or *čiq) readable. [6] S.E.Malov, G.Aidarov and S.Karzhaubai have read this as Türük Qïbčaq, however the group which took part in the Mongolian and Japanese expedition in 1996-1998, did read the relevant passage as türk qaγan čaq älig yïl olurmïš ("I heard that the Turuk qayans sat on the throne exactly for fifty years"). [7]
According to The Cambridge History of Inner Asia however, the identification of Sir people with the Kipchak is not well established. [8]
Bilge Qaghan was the fourth Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate. His accomplishments were described in the Orkhon inscriptions.
The Göktürks, Celestial Turks or Blue Turks were a nomadic confederation of Turkic peoples in medieval Inner Asia. The Göktürks, under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan and his sons, succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the main power in the region and established the First Turkic Khaganate, one of several nomadic dynasties that would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant beliefs of Turkic peoples.
Tonyukuk was the baga-tarkhan and adviser of four successive Göktürk khagans – Elteriš Qaγan, Qapγan Qaγan, İnäl Qaγan and Bilgä Qaγan. He conducted victorious campaigns against various Turkic and non-Turkic steppe peoples, such as Tölis, Xueyantuo, Toquz Oguz, Yenisei Kyrgyz, Kurykans, Thirty Tatar, Khitan and Tatabi as well as China. He was described as a kingmaker by historians such as E. P. Thompson and Peter Benjamin Golden.
The Kipchaks, also known as Kipchak Turks, Qipchaq or Polovtsians, were a Turkic nomadic people and confederation that existed in the Middle Ages, inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe. First mentioned in the 8th century as part of the Second Turkic Khaganate, they most likely inhabited the Altai region from where they expanded over the following centuries, first as part of the Kimek Khanate and later as part of a confederation with the Cumans. There were groups of Kipchaks in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, Syr Darya and Siberia. The Cuman–Kipchak confederation was conquered by the Mongols in the early 13th century.
Ilterish Khaghan was the founder of the Second Turkic Khaganate.
The Yemek was a Turkic speaking tribe known from Arab and Persian medieval geographers as one of the seven tribes in the Kimek confederation in the period of 850–1050 AD. The other six constituent tribes, according to Abu Said Gardizi, were the Imur, Tatars, Bayandur, Kipchaks, Lanikaz, and Ajlad.
Turkic migration refers to the spread of Turkic tribes and Turkic languages across Eurasia and between the 6th and 11th centuries. In the 6th century, the Göktürks overthrew the Rouran Khaganate in what is now Mongolia and expanded in all directions, spreading Turkic culture throughout the Eurasian steppes. Although Göktürk empires came to an end in the 8th century, they were succeeded by numerous Turkic empires such as the Uyghur Khaganate, Kara-Khanid Khanate, Khazars, and the Cumans. Some Turks eventually settled down into a sedentary society such as the Qocho and Ganzhou Uyghurs. The Seljuq dynasty settled in Anatolia starting in the 11th century, resulting in permanent Turkic settlement and presence there. Modern nations with large Turkic populations include Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, and Turkic populations also exist within other nations, such as Chuvashia, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, the Crimean Tatars, the Kazakhs in Mongolia, the Uyghurs in China, and the Sakha Republic in Siberia.
The Türgesh or Türgish were a Turkic tribal confederation. Once belonging to the Duolu wing of the Western Turkic On Oq elites, Türgeshes emerged as an independent power after the demise of the Western Turks and established a khaganate in 699. The Türgesh Khaganate lasted until 766 when the Karluks defeated them. Türgesh and Göktürks were related through marriage.
Ötüken was the capital of the First Turkic Khaganate and Uyghur Khaganate. It has an important place in Turkic mythology and Tengrism. Otukan (Ötüken) is also one of the names given to Mother Earth. Otuken is located in Kharkhorin district in Övörkhangai Province of present-day Mongolia.
The Xueyantuo tribe were an ancient Tiele Turkic people and khaganate in Northeast Asia who were at one point vassals of the Göktürks, later aligning with China's Tang Dynasty against the Eastern Göktürks.
The Eastern Turkic Khaganate was a Turkic khaganate formed as a result of the internecine wars in the beginning of the 7th century after the Göktürk Khaganate had splintered into two polities – Eastern and Western. Finally, the Eastern Turkic power was absorbed by the Chinese Tang Empire.
The Iron Gate, is a defile between Balkh and Samarkand. It breaks up the mountains which extend from the Hisar range south towards the Amu Darya. In ancient times it was used as the passage between Bactria and Sogdia and was likely of great importance to any power in the region. Its name comes from the belief that an actual gate, reinforced with Iron, stood in the defile. It is located to west from Boysun, Surxondaryo Region. Although its exact location is debatable, it is usually considered to be the 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) pass on the road from Samarkand (Uzbekistan) to Balkh (Afghanistan) and close to Qarshi city. According to historian Lev Gumilev its present name is "Buzgala".
Tardu or Tardush Yabghu was the second yabgu of the Western Turkic Khaganate, and Ninth Khagan of the First Turkic Khaganate (599–603). He was the son of Istämi.
The Second Turkic Khaganate, was a khaganate in Central and Eastern Asia founded by Ashina clan of the Göktürks. It was preceded by the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (552-630) and then a period of Tang Chinese rule (630-682). The Second Khaganate was centered on Ötüken in the upper reaches of the Orkhon River. It was succeeded by its subject Toquz Oghuz confederation, which became the Uyghur Khaganate.
Ashina Anluo was the fifth ruler of the Turkic Khaganate. in the sixth century. His regnal title is not recorded in Chinese sources.
Külüg Sibir or Baghatur Khagan was a ruler of the Western Turkic Khaganate (empire) in the 7th century. He was probably Tardu's son and the governor of the northern provinces of the empire during the reigns of his nephews.
The Tonyukuk inscriptions, also called the Bain Tsokto inscriptions are Turkic inscriptions of the 8th century in Mongolia. They are the oldest written attestations of the Turkic language family, predating the Orkhon inscriptions by several years.
The Battle of Bolchu was a critical battle in the Turkic Khaganate history in 711.
Bars Bek or Inanch Alp Bilge— was a khagan of Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate.
El Bilga Khatun or Ilbilga Katun was the wife of the 8th century Göktürk Turkic Qaghan, Ilterish Qaghan, the founder of the Second Turkic Khaganate and the mother of Bilgä Qaghan, the fourth Qaghan of the same Khaganate. She is mentioned in Orkhon inscriptions erected in honor of Bilgä Qaghan and his brother. She was extremely supportive of her husband but it is unknown how and when she died.