Sitticini

Last updated

Sitticini
Sitticus fasciger 41155097.jpg
Attulus fasciger (syn. Sitticus fasciger)
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Salticidae
Subfamily: Salticinae
Tribe: Sitticini
Simon, 1901 [1]
Tribes and genera

See text

The Sitticini are a tribe of spiders in the family Salticidae (jumping spiders). The tribe has been divided into two subtribes, Aillutticina, with five Neotropical genera, and Sitticina, with five genera from Eurasia and the Americas. One genus is unplaced within the tribe. The taxonomy of the tribe has been subject to considerable uncertainty. It was clarified in 2020. [1]

Contents

Description

The group is now primarily defined by molecular phylogenetic analysis. However, members can be distinguished from other salticids by the fourth leg being much longer than the third and by the absence of the retromarginal cheliceral tooth. [1]

Taxonomy

The group was first described by Eugène Simon in 1901, [1] under the name "Sitticeae". [2] It was treated as the subfamily Sitticinae by various authors before being reduced to the tribe Sitticini by Wayne Maddison in 2015. [3]

The taxonomy of the tribe has been subject to considerable uncertainty; generic boundaries were changed repeatedly between 2017 and 2020. For example, Attulus floricola was known as Sitticus floricola until moved to Sittiflor floricola in 2017, to Calositticus floricola in 2018, back to Sitticus floricola in 2019, and then to Attulus floricola in 2020. [1] Most sitticines were placed in Sitticus until 2017, when Jerzy Prószyński split the genus into seven: Attulus, Sitticus and five new genera Sittiab, Sittiflor, Sittilong, Sittipub and Sittisax. This division was not based on a phylogenetic analysis but was intended to be "pragmatic". [1] [4]

A molecular phylogenetic analysis in 2020 restored most sitticine species to a single genus, Attulus (the name which has priority over Sitticus), circumscribed to include Sitticus, Sittiflor, Sittilong and Sittipub. (Prószyński's Sittisax was retained, but his Sittiab was synonymized with Attinella . [1] ) As of August 2020, the World Spider Catalog recognized 58 species in Attulus, [5] as opposed to 15 in Jollas , one of the next largest genera in the tribe. [6]

Phylogeny

In 2020, Maddison and co-workers divided the tribe Sitticini into two subtribes, Aillutticina and Sitticina, each with five genera, and published a cladogram showing the relationship among the genera in Sitticina: [1]

Sitticini
Aillutticina

Aillutticus , Amatorculus , Capeta , Gavarilla , Nosferattus

Sitticina
JollasTomis clade

Attinella

Jollas

Sittisax

Tomis

Attulus

Subtribes and genera

Genera included in the tribe Sitticini by Maddison and co-workers in 2020 were: [1]

Distribution

The five genera placed in the subtribe Aillutticina are found in the Neotropics and the Caribbean. The five genera placed in the subtribe Sitticina are native to Eurasia and the rest of the Americas. [1] The unplaced genus Semiopyla is found from Mexico to Argentina and Paraguay. [7] It is believed that the tribe originated in the Neotropics, and diverged rapidly more recently in Eurasia, with dispersal back into the Americas. [1]

Related Research Articles

<i>Attulus</i> Genus of spiders

Attulus is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1889. The name is a diminutive form of a common prefix for salticid genera, -attus.

<i>Omoedus</i> Genus of spiders

Omoedus is a genus of jumping spiders.

<i>Pystira</i> Genus of spiders

Pystira is a genus of spiders in the jumping spider family Salticidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Euophryini</span> Tribe of spiders

Euophryini is a tribe of jumping spiders. It has also been treated as the subfamily Euophryinae.

Aelurillina is a subtribe of jumping spiders. Nearly all species live in the Old World, except Phlegra hentzi.

<i>Attulus saltator</i> Species of spider

Attulus saltator is a species of jumping spider, from the Sitticinae subfamily. It was first described by Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge in 1868 and has a Palearctic distribution, including Great Britain.

<i>Attulus inexpectus</i> Species of spider

Attulus inexpectus is a species of spider from family Salticidae, found in from Europe to central Asia. It was previously misidentified as Attulus rupicola.

Hermosa is a genus of jumping spiders first described by G. W. Peckham and E. G. Peckham in 1892, and synonymized with Myrmarachne in 1901. In 2016, Jerzy Prószyński split up Myrmarachne, creating nine new genera, all with names beginning "Myrm". However, it turned out that Myrmavola volatilis, the type species of Myrmavola, was also the type species of Hermosa, and Myrmavola was made a junior synonym. It is part of the Myrmarachnini tribe within the Salticoida clade of Salticinae.

Nepalicius is a genus of spiders in the family Salticidae. It was first described in 2016 by Prószyński. As of 2017, it contains 3 species.

Okinawicius is a genus of spiders in the family Salticidae. It was first described in 2016 by Prószyński. As of 2017, it contains 9 species.

Psenuc is a genus of spiders in the family Salticidae. It was first described in 2016 by Prószyński. As of 2017, it contains 11 species.

Orcevia is a genus of Asian jumping spiders first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1890. Laufeia, circumscribed to include Orcevia, is placed in the tribe Euophryini in the Salticoida clade of Salticinae. It was once considered a synonym of Laufeia, but it was revalidated in 2019.

<i>Attinella</i> Genus of jumping spiders

Attinella is a genus of North American jumping spiders. It was first described by Nathan Banks in 1905 based on the type species Attinella dorsata. As of March 2022 it contains only three species: A. concolor, A. dorsata, and A. juniperi. It was synonymized with Sitticus from 1979 to 2017, when the genus Sittiab was split from Sitticus by Prószyński in 2017, and Attinella was recognized as its senior synonym.

<i>Sittisax</i> Genus of spiders

Sittisax is a genus of spiders in the family Salticidae.

<i>Toxeus</i> (spider) Genus of spiders

Toxeus is a genus of jumping spiders first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1846. The genus was synonymized with Myrmarachne by Eugène Simon in 1901, and remained a synonym until revived by Jerzy Prószyński in 2016, when he split up Myrmarachne.

Padillothorus is a genus of jumping spiders in the family Salticidae containing the single species, Padillothorus elegans. It was first described by Jerzy Prószyński in 2018, and has only been found in Indonesia.

Padillothorax is a genus of southeastern Asian jumping spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1901. As of April 2019 it contains only two species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amycoida</span> Clade of spiders

Amycoida is an unranked clade of the jumping spider family Salticidae. It is the smaller and less widespread of the two subdivisions of the "typical" jumping spiders, occurring mainly in the New World, particularly the Amazon basin. Its sister clade is the Salticoida.

<i>Indopadilla</i> Genus of jumping spiders

Indopadilla is a genus of jumping spiders first described by J. T. D. Caleb, P. M. Sankaran and K. S. Nafin in 2019. It was placed into the tribe Baviini in the Salticoida clade of Salticinae. Several species have been transferred from the genus Bavia.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Maddison, W.P.; Maddison, D.R.; Derkarabetian, S. & Hedin, M. (2020), "Sitticine jumping spiders: phylogeny, classification, and chromosomes (Araneae, Salticidae, Sitticini)", ZooKeys (925): 1–54, doi: 10.3897/zookeys.925.39691 , PMC   7160194 , PMID   32317852
  2. Simon, E. (1901), "36. Sitticeae", Histoire naturelle des araignées, vol. 2, Paris: Roret, retrieved 2020-08-17
  3. Maddison, W.P. (2015), "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)", Journal of Arachnology, 43 (3): 231–292, doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292, S2CID   85680279
  4. Prószyński, J. (2017), "Revision of the genus Sitticus Simon, 1901 s.l. (Araneae: Salticidae)", Ecologica Montenegrina, 10: 35–50, doi: 10.37828/em.2017.10.7
  5. "Gen. Attulus Simon, 1889", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2020-08-17
  6. "Gen. Jollas Simon, 1901", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2020-08-17
  7. "Gen. Semiopyla Simon, 1901", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2020-08-17