Smeagol | |
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Smeagol climoi on seaweed buried in gravel, Houghton Bay, Wellington | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | |
Phylum: | |
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Family: | Pfeiffer, 1854 |
Genus: | Smeagol Climo, 1980 [1] |
Diversity | |
5 or 6 species |
Smeagol is a genus of small air-breathing [2] sea slugs of the upper intertidal zone. [3] They are pulmonate gastropod mollusks related to land slugs and snails.
Analysis of DNA sequences has shown that Smeagol belongs in the family Ellobiidae, and is therefore closely related to ellobiid snails. [4]
The name of the genus is in honour of Tolkien's fictional character Gollum, who was originally known as Sméagol. [1]
There are five described species [5] and potentially one undescribed species from Tasmania [6] in the genus Smeagol:
Smeagol manneringi has no tentacles and is a very active blind animal with a size of up to 10 mm. [1]
Smeagol species have no shell. They have a weakly developed snout. [2] The radula is unicuspid [1] and the radular dentition is of the rhipidoglossate type. [2] They have a radular membrane of flexoglossate type. [2] They have no jaw. [1] [2] They have salivary glands with salivary ducts. [2]
The excretory organs are only the left ones, in the pallial cavity. [2] In the circulatory system the haemolymph circulates as follows: mantle → nephridium or nephridia[ clarification needed ] → heart. [2]
These slugs breathe using a pallial lung. [1] They have a contractile pneumostome. [2]
They have a suprapedal gland. [2]
The number of chromosomes is unknown. [2] They have no sex chromosomes. [2]
The genus Smeagol is so far restricted to New Zealand and Australia. [1] Smeagol manneringi is known from the south coast of Wellington, and in a possibly genetically distinct form from Kaikoura. [7]
These slugs inhabit the upper intertidal zone on gravel substrate. [5]
The development of the veliger is completed in the egg (they do not have a trochophore larval stage). [2]
The gastropods, commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda.
Heterobranchia, the heterobranchs, is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks.
Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families.
Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic subclass of molluscs in the class Gastropoda. It is a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some freshwater snails and some land snails. The subclass is the most diverse and ecologically successful of the gastropods.
Conoidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the suborder Hypsogastropoda. This superfamily is a very large group of marine mollusks, estimated at about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and considered by one authority to contain 4,000 named living species.
The Systellommatophora is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda.
Carychiinae is a taxonomic subfamily of minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
Athoracophoridae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora, the stalk-eyed snails and slugs. Many of the species have an attractive pattern on their dorsal surface which resembles the veins in a leaf, hence the common name.
Arionidae, common name the "roundback slugs" or "round back slugs" are a taxonomic family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea.
Potamopyrgus is a genus of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Tateidae.
Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.
Achatinellidae is a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.
Nerita melanotragus, common name black nerite, is a medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Neritidae, the nerites.
Ellobiidae, common name the hollow-shelled snails, is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata. Ellobiidae is the only family in the superfamily Ellobioidea, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Euthyneura is a taxonomic infraclass of snails and slugs, which includes species exclusively from marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the clade Heterobranchia.
Winston Frank Ponder is a malacologist born and educated in New Zealand who has named and described many marine and freshwater animals, especially micromolluscs.
The digestive system of gastropods has evolved to suit almost every kind of diet and feeding behavior. Gastropods as the largest taxonomic class of the mollusca are very diverse: the group includes carnivores, herbivores, scavengers, filter feeders, and even parasites.
Plectopyloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina.
Sarasinula plebeia, commonly called the bean slug or the Caribbean leatherleaf slug, is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Veronicellidae, the leatherleaf slugs.
Laonidae is a family of small marine snails belonging to the superfamily Philinoidea, though Laonidae and Philinoidea are genetically distinct. They are monophyletic, meaning they are developed from a single ancestor. Laonidae also has the synonymised name Laoninae, which is largely unaccepted in the modern day scientific community. The name Laoninae is introduced by Alice Pruvot-Fol who proposes it as the subfamily to the genea Loana, A.Adams 1865.