Smeagol (gastropod)

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Smeagol
Smeagol climoi Wild wind.jpg
Smeagol climoi on seaweed buried in gravel, Houghton Bay, Wellington
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
(unranked):
Superfamily:
Family:
Pfeiffer, 1854
Genus:
Smeagol

Climo, 1980 [1]
Diversity
5 or 6 species

Smeagol is a genus of small air-breathing [2] sea slugs of the upper intertidal zone. [3] They are pulmonate gastropod mollusks related to land slugs and snails.

Contents

Analysis of DNA sequences has shown that Smeagol belongs in the family Ellobiidae, and is therefore closely related to ellobiid snails. [4]

Etymology

Smeagol was named after Gollum, a fictional character from Tolkien's legendarium Gollum s journey commences by Frederic Bennett (detail).jpg
Smeagol was named after Gollum, a fictional character from Tolkien's legendarium

The name of the genus is in honour of Tolkien's fictional character Gollum, who was originally known as Sméagol. [1]

Taxonomy

There are five described species [5] and potentially one undescribed species from Tasmania [6] in the genus Smeagol:

Anatomy

Smeagol manneringi has no tentacles and is a very active blind animal with a size of up to 10 mm. [1]

Smeagol species have no shell. They have a weakly developed snout. [2] The radula is unicuspid [1] and the radular dentition is of the rhipidoglossate type. [2] They have a radular membrane of flexoglossate type. [2] They have no jaw. [1] [2] They have salivary glands with salivary ducts. [2]

The excretory organs are only the left ones, in the pallial cavity. [2] In the circulatory system the haemolymph circulates as follows: mantlenephridium or nephridia[ clarification needed ] → heart. [2]

These slugs breathe using a pallial lung. [1] They have a contractile pneumostome. [2]

They have a suprapedal gland. [2]

The number of chromosomes is unknown. [2] They have no sex chromosomes. [2]

Distribution

The genus Smeagol is so far restricted to New Zealand and Australia. [1] Smeagol manneringi is known from the south coast of Wellington, and in a possibly genetically distinct form from Kaikoura. [7]

Ecology

These slugs inhabit the upper intertidal zone on gravel substrate. [5]

The development of the veliger is completed in the egg (they do not have a trochophore larval stage). [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastropoda</span> Class of molluscs

The gastropods, commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heterobranchia</span> Clade of gastropods

Heterobranchia, the heterobranchs, is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pulmonata</span> Informal group of gastropods

Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caenogastropoda</span> Clade of sea snails

Caenogastropoda is a taxonomic subclass of molluscs in the class Gastropoda. It is a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some freshwater snails and some land snails. The subclass is the most diverse and ecologically successful of the gastropods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conoidea</span> Superfamily of predatory sea snails

Conoidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the suborder Hypsogastropoda. This superfamily is a very large group of marine mollusks, estimated at about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and considered by one authority to contain 4,000 named living species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Systellommatophora</span> Clade of gastropods

The Systellommatophora is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carychiinae</span> Subfamily of gastropods

Carychiinae is a taxonomic subfamily of minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Athoracophoridae</span> Family of gastropods

Athoracophoridae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora, the stalk-eyed snails and slugs. Many of the species have an attractive pattern on their dorsal surface which resembles the veins in a leaf, hence the common name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arionidae</span> Family of gastropods

Arionidae, common name the "roundback slugs" or "round back slugs" are a taxonomic family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea.

<i>Potamopyrgus</i> Genus of gastropods

Potamopyrgus is a genus of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Tateidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Helicoidea</span> Superfamily of gastropods

Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Achatinellidae</span> Family of gastropods

Achatinellidae is a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.

<i>Nerita melanotragus</i> Species of gastropod

Nerita melanotragus, common name black nerite, is a medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Neritidae, the nerites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ellobiidae</span> Family of gastropods

Ellobiidae, common name the hollow-shelled snails, is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata. Ellobiidae is the only family in the superfamily Ellobioidea, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Euthyneura</span> Clade of molluscs

Euthyneura is a taxonomic infraclass of snails and slugs, which includes species exclusively from marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the clade Heterobranchia.

Winston Frank Ponder is a malacologist born and educated in New Zealand who has named and described many marine and freshwater animals, especially micromolluscs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Digestive system of gastropods</span>

The digestive system of gastropods has evolved to suit almost every kind of diet and feeding behavior. Gastropods as the largest taxonomic class of the mollusca are very diverse: the group includes carnivores, herbivores, scavengers, filter feeders, and even parasites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plectopyloidea</span> Superfamily of gastropods

Plectopyloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina.

<i>Sarasinula plebeia</i> Species of gastropod

Sarasinula plebeia, commonly called the bean slug or the Caribbean leatherleaf slug, is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Veronicellidae, the leatherleaf slugs.

Laonidae is a family of small marine snails belonging to the superfamily Philinoidea, though Laonidae and Philinoidea are genetically distinct. They are monophyletic, meaning they are developed from a single ancestor. Laonidae also has the synonymised name Laoninae, which is largely unaccepted in the modern day scientific community. The name Laoninae is introduced by Alice Pruvot-Fol who proposes it as the subfamily to the genea Loana, A.Adams 1865.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Climo, F. M. (1980). "Smeagolida, a new order of gymnomorph mollusc from New Zealand based on a new genus and species". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 7 (4): 513–522. doi:10.1080/03014223.1980.11760683.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Barker G. M. (2001) Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. 1-146. In: Barker G. M. (ed.) (2001) The biology of terrestrial molluscs . CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, cited pages: 52, 127-134. ISBN   0-85199-318-4.
  3. Marshall, B.; Rosenberg, G. (2016). Smeagol Climo, 1980. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=551549 on 2017-09-13
  4. Dayrat, Benoît; Conrad, Michele; Balayan, Shaina; White, Tracy R.; Albrecht, Christian; Golding, Rosemary; Gomes, Suzete R.; Harasewych, M.G.; Martins, António Manuel de Frias (2011). "Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): New insights from increased taxon sampling". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (2): 425–437. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014. PMID   21352933.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tillier, S.; Ponder, W. F. (1992). "New species of Smeagol from Australia and New Zealand, with discussion of the affinities of the genus (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 58 (2): 135–155. doi:10.1093/mollus/58.2.135.
  6. West R. (February 2009). Proposed determination Smeagol hilaris, a marine slug, as a critically endangered species. Fisheries Scientific Committee , Ref. No. PD43, File No. FSC 09/01, 3 pp., PDF.
  7. "Rare 'gravel maggot' found on remote West Coast beach". 1 News. 13 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

Further reading