Solanum pachyandrum | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Solanales |
Family: | Solanaceae |
Genus: | Solanum |
Species: | S. pachyandrum |
Binomial name | |
Solanum pachyandrum | |
Solanum pachyandrum, known as bombona, is a spine-forming vine of the Solanum genus (which contains over 1,000 species). It is native to southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru where the large juicy fruit is commonly eaten and considered a treat by children. Although the plant has been known and consumed by the indigenous people of that land, it was only published scientifically in 1914 by German botanist Friedrich August Georg Bitter. [1] [2] [3] : 88
Bombona is a woody to subwoody vine growing 5+ m long that flowers from April to September in its native range in Ecuador and Peru. It differs from other related species by the presence of prickles on its pedicels (the stalks of individual flowers) and its ellipsoid, non-tapering anthers. [2]
It's often said to be spiny, but is actually prickly since the spinose structures are not derived from leaves and lack vascular bundles inside, allowing them to more easily be removed. The prickles are 0.5–1.2 mm long, stout, and recurved (curved downwards). The spinose structure is very similar to the structure of a rose thorn, but never achieving the same hardest or color. The color the spinose structure goes from a light green to a dark pale amber yellow when fully mature (first hand experience Dicot Cloud). [2] [4]
Stems are 0.4-0.7 cm in diameter and internodes are glabrous (without hairs) and 4-9 cm long. Sympodial units plurifoliate (having many leaves or inflorescences) and do not geminate. [2]
Leaves are pinnatifid (so deeply lobed as to appear pinnation) with 4-6 pairs of lobes. The leaf blades in outline are 12–19 × 5-10 cm. They are oblong and around twice as long as they are wide. Their texture is chartaceous (meaning they have a papery texture) and are glabrous on both surfaces. The midrib has recurved prickles and there are 4-6 major lateral veins on each side of the midrib that correspond to the lobes. [2]
Fruits are globose berries that are 3–5 cm in diameter with a glabrous pericarp. They are purple when immature and turn yellow-orange once mature. Seeds are about 2 × 4 mm. They are light brown in color, strongly flattened, and the surfaces are minutely pitted. The testal cells of the seeds are rectangular. [4]
Phylogenetic studies suggest it is likely part of a sister group to the rest of the prickly species belonging to the subgenus Leptostemonum called S. sect. Aculeigerum. Unlike most prickly species of Solanum , these species lack stellate hairs and are characterized by plurifoliate sympodial units, branched inflorescences, presence of prickles coupled with absence of stellate trichomes, and a vine-like habit. [2]
The Solanum section Aculeigerum contains these 8 species, all ranging in distribution from Mexico and Central America to Ecuador and Peru: [2]
S. pachyandrum is differentiated from S. refractum by its white flowers and wider anthers and both are differentiated from the rest of the species by the fact that all filaments within a flower are of equal length. [2]
Solanum is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant. It also contains the nightshades and horse nettles, as well as numerous plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers and fruit.
Aralia spinosa, commonly known as devil's walking stick, is a woody species of plant in the genus Aralia, family Araliaceae, native to eastern North America. The various names refer to the viciously sharp, spiny stems, petioles, and even leaf midribs. It has also been known as Angelica-tree.
Mimosa nuttallii, the Nuttall's sensitive-briar, catclaw brier, or sensitive brier, is an herbaceous perennial legume in the subfamily Mimosoideae native to the central United States. It has a trailing semi-woody vine covered with small recurved prickles that can be painful to bare skin.
Solanum aculeastrum is commonly known as soda apple, sodaapple nightshade, goat apple, poison apple, or more ambiguously as "bitter-apple". It is a poisonous nightshade species from Africa and not related to true apples. The term "soda apple" probably derives from "Sodom apple", modified due to the fruit's detergent properties.
Erythrina lysistemon is a species of deciduous tree in the pea family, Fabaceae, that is native to South Africa. Common names include common coral-tree, lucky bean tree, umsintsi (Xhosa), muvhale (Venda), mophete (Tswana), koraalboom of kanniedood (Afrikaans), mokhungwane (Sotho) and umsinsi (Zulu). It is regularly cultivated as a tree for gardens and parks.
Solanum cajanumense is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Solanum rostratum is a species of nightshade that is native to the United States and northern and central Mexico. Common names include buffalobur nightshade, buffalo-bur, spiny nightshade, Colorado bur, Kansas thistle, bad woman, Mexican thistle, and Texas thistle.
Brunfelsia latifolia, commonly known as yesterday-today-tomorrow and kiss me quick, is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family. Endemic to Brazil, it is an evergreen shrub that becomes semi-deciduous in cooler areas and grows up to 1.8 meters in height.
Solanum tampicense, also known as wetland nightshade, aquatic soda apple, and scrambling nightshade, is a perennial in the Solanaceae or Nightshade Family. It can exist as a vine, tree, or shrub and is native to the West Indies and Central America. It is classified as a noxious weed by the United States Department of Agriculture and by several states and is known as an invasive species in the state of Florida.
Litsea glaucescens, also called Mexican bay leaf, is an evergreen tree or shrub 3–6 metres (9.8–19.7 ft) high in the genus Litsea belonging to family Lauraceae. It is native from southern North America, mostly in Mexico. Distributed by Mexico and Central America.
Solanum evolvuloides is a species of Solanum, which was first described in 2011 by Giacomin & Stehmann. Solanum evolvuloides belongs to section Gonatotrichum, a small group assigned to the Brevantherum clade of the genus Solanum. It resembles Solanum turneroides Chodat, sharing with it heterandry, and Solanum parcistrigosum Bitter, with which it shares a similar habit and pubescence. Despite these similarities, the species can be recognized by its ovate-elliptic to cordiform leaf shape and more membranaceous leaf texture than the other species in the section, and stem, inflorescence axes, and calyx vestiture mainly composed of glandular hairs. Solanum evolvuloides is known to occur only in southeastern of Bahia state, Brazil, and in a preliminary assessment of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria can be considered a threatened species.
Solanum macrocarpon otherwise known as the African eggplant : añara) or Vietnamese eggplant is a plant of the family Solanaceae. S. macrocarpon is a tropical perennial plant that is closely related to the eggplant. S. macrocarpon originated from West Africa, but is now widely distributed in Central and East Africa. The plant also grows in the Caribbean, South America, and some parts of Southeast Asia. S. macrocarpon is widely cultivated for its use as a food, its medicinal purposes, and as an ornamental plant.
Mechanitis lysimnia, the confused tigerwing, sweet-oil tiger or lysimnia tigerwing, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1793. It is found in Central and South America, from southern Mexico to Uruguay. The habitat consists of disturbed forests at altitudes up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft).
Solanum laxum, commonly known as potato vine, potato climber or jasmine nightshade, is an evergreen vine in the family Solanaceae. It is native to South America and commonly grown as an ornamental garden plant.
Solanum arcanum is a species of nightshade, commonly called the "wild tomato," endemic to Peru.
Solanum virginianum, also called Surattense nightshade, yellow-fruit nightshade, yellow-berried nightshade, Thai green eggplant, Thai striped eggplant, is also known as Indian night shade or yellow berried night shade plant, the common name is Kantakari, Solanumsurattense Brum. f. and Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. and Wendl. are synonyms of Solanum virginianum L.. It is also a medicinal plant used mostly in India. Some part of the plant is poisonous ex. the fruit which is poisonous.
The Solanaceae, or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and ornamentals. Many members of the family contain potent alkaloids, and some are highly toxic, but many—including tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant, bell and chili peppers—are used as food. The family belongs to the order Solanales, in the asterid group and class Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons). The Solanaceae consists of about 98 genera and some 2,700 species, with a great diversity of habitats, morphology and ecology.
Solanum conocarpum, commonly known as marron bacoba, is a vascular plant species in the family Solanaceae found in the US Virgin Islands and British Virgin Islands.
Moullava spicata is an endemic species of creeper found in the Western Ghats of India.
Solanum wendlandii, the giant potato creeper, potato vine, Costa Rican nightshade, divorce vine, or paradise flower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Solanaceae. It is native to Mexico, Central America, and northwest South America, and has been widely introduced as an ornamental to other tropical locales, including the Caribbean, Africa, Nepal, Java, and many islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. A robust vine reaching 15 ft (4.6 m), its long-lasting dark purple flowers eventually fade to white.
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