Solicitation

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Solicitation is the act of offering, or attempting to purchase, goods and/or services[ clarification needed ]. Legal status may be specific to the time or place where it occurs. The crime of "solicitation to commit a crime" occurs when a person encourages, "solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause" another person to attempt or commit a crime, with the purpose of thereby facilitating the attempt or commission of that crime. [1] : 698–702 

Contents

England and Wales

In England and Wales, the term soliciting is usually "for a person (whether male or female) persistently to loiter or solicit in a street or public place for the purpose of prostitution" under the Street Offences Act 1959 as amended. [2] The crime of soliciting should not be confused with the profession of a solicitor, which under UK law is typically that of a lawyer, who may also function as a legal agent to obtain the services of a barrister on behalf of a client.

United States

In the United States, solicitation is the name of a crime, an inchoate offense that consists of a person offering money or inducing another to commit a crime with the specific intent that the person solicited commit the crime. For example, under federal law, for a solicitation conviction to occur the prosecution must prove both that defendant had the intent that another person engage in conduct constituting a felony crime of violence, and that the defendant commanded, induced, or otherwise endeavored to persuade the other person to commit the felony. [3] [ citation needed ]

In some jurisdictions in the United States, solicitation of prostitution is subject to occasional police sting operations, which have been in turn subject to court cases on privacy grounds.

Differences in laws

In the United States, the term "solicitation" implies some part of commercial element, consideration, or payment. In some other common law countries,[ which? ] the situation is different:

Differences from other crimes

Solicitation has in the U.S. these unique elements:

  1. the encouraging, bribing, requesting, or commanding a person
  2. to commit a substantive crime,
  3. with the intent that the person solicited commit the crime.

Unlike conspiracy, there is no overt step necessary for solicitation, one person can be a defendant and it merges with the substantive crime.

It is not necessary that the person commit the crime, nor is it necessary that the person solicited be willing or able to commit the crime (such as if the "solicitee" were an undercover police officer).

For example, if Alice commands Bob to assault Charlie, and Alice intends for Bob to assault Charlie, then Alice is guilty of solicitation. However, if Alice commands Bob to assault Charlie without intending that a crime be committed (perhaps believing that Charlie has given consent), then there is no solicitation.

An interesting twist on solicitation occurs when a third party that the solicitor did not intend to receive the incitement overhears the request to the original solicitee and unbeknownst to the solicitor, commits the target offense. In a minority of jurisdictions in the United States, this situation would still be considered solicitation even though the defendant never intended the person that committed the crime to have done so.

Solicitation is also subject to the doctrine of merger, which applies in situations where the person solicited commits the crime. In such a situation, both Alice and Bob could be charged with the crime as accomplices, which would preclude conviction under solicitation; a person cannot be punished for both solicitation and the crime solicited.

No soliciting signs – residential

In addition to the inchoate offense of solicitation, "solicitor" can also refer to a door-to-door salesman. This creates another form of illegal solicitation, as in many jurisdictions, it is illegal to ignore "no soliciting" signs with the burden typically resting upon the solicitor to look for the sign and upon observation to vacate the premises without attempting to contact the homeowner. [4] [5] Some cities require the employer to properly train employees on the appropriate observation of local solicitation ordinances and instruct them to always carry an identifying badge that they must show upon request. [6]

City ordinances vary but may require a soliciting sign to be of a certain dimension to qualify for legal protection. Some signs may cite the city ordinance and describe the consequences to the solicitor. Although certainly not required, such methods may be more effective at deterring unwanted solicitation.

See also

A "No Soliciting" sign at the Camp Roberts Safety Roadside Rest Area on the northbound side of en:U.S. Route 101 near Bradley, California No soliciting rest area sign.jpg
A "No Soliciting" sign at the Camp Roberts Safety Roadside Rest Area on the northbound side of en:U.S. Route 101 near Bradley, California

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In English criminal law, an inchoate offence is an offence relating to a criminal act which has not, or not yet, been committed. The main inchoate offences are attempting to commit; encouraging or assisting crime; and conspiring to commit. Attempts, governed by the Criminal Attempts Act 1981, are defined as situations where an individual who intends to commit an offence does an act which is "more than merely preparatory" in the offence's commission. Traditionally this definition has caused problems, with no firm rule on what constitutes a "more than merely preparatory" act, but broad judicial statements give some guidance. Incitement, on the other hand, is an offence under the common law, and covers situations where an individual encourages another person to engage in activities which will result in a criminal act taking place, and intends for this act to occur. As a criminal activity, incitement had a particularly broad remit, covering "a suggestion, proposal, request, exhortation, gesture, argument, persuasion, inducement, goading or the arousal of cupidity". Incitement was abolished by the Serious Crime Act 2007, but continues in other offences and as the basis of the new offence of "encouraging or assisting" the commission of a crime.

Encouraging or assisting a crime is itself a crime in English criminal law, by virtue of the Serious Crime Act 2007. It is one of the inchoate offences of English law.

Crime preparations are acts or actions performed by criminal offenders during any period of time before the actual crime is committed and range from mere intent to overt action.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Incitement to terrorism</span> Category in some national legal systems

Incitement to terrorism is a category in some national legal systems which may criminalize direct encouragement of acts of violence or praise for proscribed terrorist organizations. It was also prohibited by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1624 in 2005.

References

  1. ↑ Criminal Law - Cases and Materials, 7th ed. 2012, Wolters Kluwer Law & Business; John Kaplan (law professor), Robert Weisberg, Guyora Binder, ISBN   978-1-4548-0698-1,
  2. ↑ UK Statutes website: Street Offences Act. For the latest Home Office proposals on this offence, see "Regulatory Impact Assessment - A coordinated strategy for prostitution" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-10-17..
  3. ↑ "U.S. Attorney's Manual, Sec. 108.4. Elements of Solicitation". U.S. Department of Justice. 2015-02-20. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  4. ↑ "Phoenix Municipal Code". codepublishing.com. City of Phoenix. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  5. ↑ "Utah County Residential Solicitation Ordinances" (PDF). co.utah.ut.us. Utah County. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  6. ↑ "Solicitor Business Permit Requirements". plano.gov. Plano City Police Department. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
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