South American common toad

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South American common toad
Bufo margaritifer02.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Rhinella
Species:
R. margaritifera
Binomial name
Rhinella margaritifera
(Laurenti, 1768)
Synonyms

Bufo margaritifer(Laurenti, 1768)

The South American common toad (Rhinella margaritifera; also mitred toad, in Spanish sapo crestado) is a species complex of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the Amazonian South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela) and eastern Panama. [2] It was originally believed to be a single species, but is now known to represent a complex of more than one. [1] [2]

Its natural habitats are primary and secondary lowland, premontane and montane tropical moist forests (including terra firme and seasonally flooded forests). It is a generalist species that can also be found in disturbed areas. [1]

Member species

As of 2013, there were 16 formally described species within this complex, as well as an unknown number that are yet to be recognized. [3]

Related Research Articles

Rhinella humboldti is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas. This species was originally considered to be a subspecies of Rhinella granulosa.

<i>Rhinella dorbignyi</i> Species of amphibian

Rhinella dorbignyi is a South American species of toad in the family Bufonidae. The specific name, dorbignyi, is in honor of French naturalist Alcide d'Orbigny. Its common name is d'Orbigny's toad or Dorbigny's toad [sic].

Rhinella fissipes, the Carabaya toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae that is found in Bolivia and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes.

Rhinella gallardoi is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae that is endemic to Argentina. Its natural habitat is temperate forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<i>Rhinella granulosa</i> Species of amphibian

Rhinella granulosa, also known as granular toad and common lesser toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. The species was redelimited in 2009 and is now considered endemic to Brazil.

Rhinella henseli is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae that is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, and intermittent freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<i>Rhinella icterica</i> Species of amphibian

Rhinella icterica is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae that is found in northeastern Argentina, southern Brazil, and eastern Paraguay. "Cururu" is its indigenous name and refers to the male advertisement call that is a melodious tremolo. "Cururu toad", without the specifier "yellow", is a common name used for a few other closely related species.

Rhinella inca is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae that is endemic to Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, and canals and ditches.

<i>Rhinella jimi</i> Species of amphibian

Rhinella jimi is a species of toads in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to northeastern Brazil and known between Bujaru in northeastern Pará and Maranhão in the north, south to Bahia and Vitória, Espírito Santo. Prior to its description in 2002, it was confused with Rhinella schneideri. The specific name jimi honors Jorge Jim, a Brazilian herpetologist. Common name Jimi's toad has been coined for it.

Rhinella justinianoi is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae that is endemic to Bolivia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<i>Rhinella ornata</i> Species of Amphibia

Rhinella ornata is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae that is found in Brazil and possibly Argentina. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, and intermittent freshwater lakes. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<i>Rhinella poeppigii</i> Species of amphibian

Rhinella poeppigii is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae that is known from the eastern Andean slopes of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, as well as from Serranía de Sira in Amazonian Peru. Its distinctiveness from Rhinella marina has been debated, but it is currently accepted as a valid species. It is named after Eduard Friedrich Poeppig, German botanist and naturalist who made scientific expeditions to South America.

<i>Rhinella proboscidea</i> Species of amphibian

Rhinella proboscidea is a species of small South American toad in the family Bufonidae, common in the Amazon rainforest. It is the only species known to practice reproductive necrophilia.

Rhinella quechua is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Bolivia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<i>Rhinella roqueana</i> Species of amphibian

Rhinella roqueana is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in northern Peru, eastern Ecuador (Pastaza), Amazonian Colombia, and adjacent western Brazil. Its specific name refers to its type locality, Roque, San Martín Region, Peru. Its taxonomic position is uncertain and it is not clear how to distinguish it from other members in the Rhinella margaritifera group in the area.

Rhinella rumbolli is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae that is found in Argentina and possibly Bolivia. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<i>Rhinella scitula</i> Species of amphibian

Rhinella scitula is a species of toads in the family Bufonidae. It is found in the southwestern Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and in the adjacent southeastern Paraguay.

Rhinella vellardi, the Alto Marañon toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae that is endemic to Peru. It is only known from the type locality in the upper Marañón area, Cajamarca Region of northern Peru. Its natural habitat is montane forest in the upper Amazon basin. It is a rare species of which little is known.

<i>Rhinella achavali</i> Species of amphibian

Rhinella achavali is a species of toads in the family Bufonidae that is found in Uruguay and southernmost Brazil.

<i>Rhinella</i> Genus of amphibians

Rhinella, commonly known as South American toads, beaked toads or Rio Viejo toads, is a genus of true toads native to Neotropical parts of Mexico, Central and South America. Additionally, the cane toad has been Introduced to Australia, the Caribbean, the Philippines and elsewhere.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, César Jaramillo, Querube Fuenmayor, Débora Silvano, Luis A. Coloma, Enrique La Marca, Santiago Ron, Marinus Hoogmoed (2010). "Rhinella margaritifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2010: e.T54701A11185916. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T54701A11185916.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. 1 2 Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  3. ↑ Lavilla, E. O.; Caramaschi, U.; Langone, J. A.; Pombal Jr., J. P. & de Sá, R. O. (2013). "The identity of Rana margaritifera Laurenti, 1768 (Anura, Bufonidae)". Zootaxa. 3646 (3): 251–264. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3646.3.4. hdl: 11336/7220 . PMID   26213763.


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