Rhinella

Rhinella
	Cane toad (Rhinella marina)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Family:	Bufonidae
Genus:	Rhinella ; Fitzinger, 1826
Type species
	Rhinella proboscidea; Spix, 1824
Species
	95 species; see table
Synonyms
	ChaunusWagler, 1828; RhamphophryneTrueb, 1971;

Last updated November 15, 2024

Rhinella, commonly known as South American toads, beaked toads or Rio Viejo toads, is a genus of true toads native to Neotropical parts of Mexico, Central and South America. Additionally, the cane toad has been Introduced to Australia, the Caribbean, the Philippines and elsewhere.

Etymology

Rhinella means ‘little nose’, from rhino- (ῥῑνο-), the combining form of the Ancient Greek rhis ( ῥίς , ‘nose’) and the Latin diminutive suffix -ella .^[2]
Chaunus is the Latinised form of the Ancient Greek chaûnos (χαῦνος, ‘porous, spongy’).^[3]^[4]
Rhamphophryne, meaning “beaked toad”, is from rhamphos (ῥάµϕος, ‘beak’)^[5] and phrunē (φρύνη, ‘toad’).^[2]

Species

There are about 94 living species recognised in the genus Rhinella:^[6]

Binomial name and author	Common name	Distribution
Rhinella abei (Baldissera, Caramaschi & Haddad, 2004)		southeastern Brazil (eastern Paraná, eastern Santa Catarina and northern Rio Grande do Sul)
Rhinella achalensis (Cei, 1972)	Cordoba toad	northern Argentina (Córdoba and San Luis provinces)
Rhinella achavali (Maneyro, Arrieta, & de Sá, 2004)		Uruguay and southernmost Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
Rhinella acrolopha (Trueb, 1971)	Cerro Mali beaked toad	Serranía del Darién in eastern Panama
Rhinella acutirostris (Spix, 1824)		Brazil, Colombia, Panama and Venezuela
Rhinella alata (Thominot, 1884)		Western Panama through Chocoan western Colombia to northwestern Ecuador
Rhinella amabilis (Pramuk and Kadivar, 2003)		Loja Province, Ecuador
Rhinella angeli (Rojas, Peña, Ávila, Carvalho, Perez, Farias, Gordo & Hrbek, 2022)		Peru
Rhinella amboroensis (Harvey & Smith, 1993)	Cochabamba toad	Bolivia (Cochabamba Department)
Rhinella arborescandens (Duellman & Schulte, 1992)	Mendoza Pass toad	Peru (Mendoza, northern Cordillera Central, in the Amazonas Region)
Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867)	Common toad; Argentine toad	Argentina from the Chubut Province northward, Bolivia east of the Andes
Rhinella arequipensis (Vellard, 1959)	Rio Chili toad	Peru
Rhinella arunco (Molina, 1782)	Arunco; Concepcion toad	Chile
Rhinella atacamensis (Cei, 1962)	Vallenar toad; Atacama toad	Chile between Paposo (Antofagasta Region) and Las Chilcas (Valparaíso Region)
Rhinella azarai (Gallardo, 1965)		Paraguay
Rhinella beebei (Gallardo, 1965)	Rivero's Toad	Colombia east of the Andes and Venezuela north of the Orinoco to French Guiana; Trinidad
Rhinella bergi (Céspedez, 2000)		Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay
Rhinella bernardoi Sanabria, Quiroga, Arias, and Cortez, 2010		Argentina
Rhinella casconi Roberto, Brito, and Thomé, 2014		Brazil (Ceará)
Rhinella castaneotica (Caldwell, 1991)	Para toad	Bolivia (Pando), Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, and Rondônia), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, and Putumayo) and eastern Peru
Rhinella centralis Narvaes and Rodrigues, 2009		Panama (Chiriquí)
Rhinella ceratophrys (Boulenger, 1882)	Horned toad	Colombia, southern Venezuela (Cerro Neblina and Cerro Marahuaca), eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru (Loreto), Brazil
Rhinella cerradensis Maciel, Brandão, Campos, and Sebben, 2007		Brazil (Piauí, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal), Argentina (Corrientes)
Rhinella chavin (Lehr, Köhler, Aguilar & Ponce, 2001)		Peru (Huánuco)
Rhinella chrysophora (McCranie, Wilson & Williams, 1989)	Rio Viejo toad	Honduras
Rhinella chullachaki (Castillo-Urbina, Glaw, Aguilar-Puntriano, Vences, and Köhler 2021)		Peru (Huánuco)
Rhinella cristinae (Vélez-Rodriguez & Ruiz-Carranza, 2002)		Colombia(La Pedrera, Amazonas Province)
Rhinella crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821)	Striped toad	eastern Brazil between the states of Ceará in the north and Rio de Janeiro
Rhinella dapsilis (Myers & Carvalho, 1945)	Bom Jardim toad	Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru
Rhinella diptycha (Cope, 1862)	Cope's toad; cururu toad	Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, eastern Bolivia, and eastern and southern Brazil
Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron, 1841)	Dorbigny's toad	northeastern Argentina, Uruguay and southeastern Brazil
Rhinella exostosica Ferrão, Lima, Ron, dos Santos & Hanken, 2020^[7]		Bolivia (Beni and Pando Departments), Brazil (Rondônia) and Peru (Departments of Ucayali and Madre de Dios)
Rhinella fernandezae (Gallardo, 1957)	Bella Vista toad	Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay
Rhinella festae (Peracca, 1904)	Valle Santiago beaked toad	Ecuador and Peru
Rhinella fissipes (Boulenger, 1903)	Carabaya toad	Bolivia and Peru
Rhinella gallardoi (Carrizo, 1992)	Gallardo's toad	Argentina
Rhinella gildae Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015		Brazil
Rhinella gnustae (Gallardo, 1967)	Rio Grande toad	Argentina
Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824)	Common lesser toad	Brazil
Rhinella henseli (Lutz, 1934)		Brazil
Rhinella hoogmoedi (Caramaschi & Pombal, 2006)		Brazil
Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833)	Cane toad	north-western South America
Rhinella humboldti (Gallardo, 1965)	Rivero's toad	Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas
Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824)	Yellow Cururu toad	northeastern Argentina (Misiones Province), southern Brazil and eastern Paraguay
Rhinella inca (Stejneger, 1913)	Inca toad	Peru
Rhinella inopina Vaz-Silva, Valdujo, and Pombal, 2012		Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil
Rhinella iserni (Jiménez de la Espada, 1875)	Rio Perene toad	Peru
Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002)	Cururu toad	Brazil (between Bujaru in northeastern Pará and Maranhão in the north, south to Bahia and Vitória, Espírito Santo)
Rhinella justinianoi (Harvey & Smith, 1994)	El Chape toad	Bolivia
Rhinella kuka (Köhler, Vences, Padial, Plewnia & Lötters 2023)		Bolivia
Rhinella leptoscelis (Boulenger, 1912)		Peru
Rhinella lescurei Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007		French Guiana, Suriname
Rhinella lilyrodriguezae Cusi, Moravec, Lehr, and Gvoždík, 2017	Lily Rodriguez's beaked toad	Peru
Rhinella limensis (Werner, 1901)	Peru Coast toad	Peru
Rhinella lindae (Rivero & Castaño, 1990)	Murri beaked toad	Colombia
† Rhinella loba Pérez-Ben, Gómez & Báez, 2019^[8]		Argentina
Rhinella macrorhina (Trueb, 1971)	Santa Rita beaked toad	Colombia
Rhinella magnussoni Lima, Menin, and Araújo, 2007		Brazil
Rhinella major (Müller and Hellmich, 1936)		Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia and in Brazil
Rhinella manu Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007		Peru
Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768)	South American common toad	Panama, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela
Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758)	Cane toad	South and mainland Central America
Rhinella martyi Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007		Suriname
Rhinella merianae (Gallardo, 1965)		Venezuela (Bolívar), Suriname, Guyana, Brazil
Rhinella mirandaribeiroi (Gallardo, 1965)		Brazil(Bahia, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, and Piaui), Bolivia (Santa Cruz)
Rhinella multiverrucosa (Lehr, Pramuk & Lundberg, 2005)		Peru (Pasco)
Rhinella nattereri (Bokermann, 1967)		Venezuela (Bolivar), Guyana
Rhinella nesiotes (Duellman & Toft, 1979)	Laguna toad	Peru
Rhinella nicefori (Cochran & Goin, 1970)	Colombian beaked toad	Colombia (Antioquia)
Rhinella ocellata (Günther, 1858)	Ocellated toad	Brazil
Rhinella ornata Spix, 1824		Brazil
Rhinella paraguas Grant and Bolívar-Garcías, 2014		Colombia (Chocó)
Rhinella paraguayensis Ávila, Pansonato, and Strüssmann, 2010		Paraguay
Rhinella parecis Ávila, Morais, Perez, Pansonato, Carvalho, Rojas, Gordo & Farias, 2020		Brazil
Rhinella pleuroptera Schmidt, 1857		Peru
Rhinella poeppigii (Tschudi, 1845)	Gray toad	Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia
Rhinella proboscidea (Spix, 1824)	Beaked toad	Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru
Rhinella pygmaea (Myers & Carvalho, 1952)	Rio Parahyba toad	Brazil
Rhinella quechua (Gallardo, 1961)	Incachaca toad	Bolivia
Rhinella roqueana (Melin, 1941)		northern Peru, eastern Ecuador (Pastaza), Amazonian Colombia (Amazonas and Caquetá Departments), Brazil
Rhinella rostrata (Noble, 1920)	Mesopotamia beaked toad	Colombia (Antioquia)
Rhinella rubescens (Lutz, 1925)		Brazil
Rhinella rubropunctata (Guichenot, 1848)	Rusty toad	Chile and Argentina
Rhinella ruizi (Grant, 2000)		Colombia (Antioquia)
Rhinella rumbolli (Carrizo, 1992)	Salta toad	Bolivia
Rhinella scitula (Caramaschi & de Niemeyer, 2003)		Paraguay (Amambay and Concepción Departments), Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul)
Rhinella sclerocephala (Mijares-Urrutia & Arends-R., 2001)		Venezuela
Rhinella sebbeni Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015		Brazil
Rhinella spinulosa (Wiegmann, 1834)	Warty toad; Huanuco toad	Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru
Rhinella stanlaii (Lötters & Köhler, 2000)		Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz and Santa Cruz)
Rhinella sternosignata (Günther, 1858)	Falcon toad	Colombia and Venezuela
Rhinella tacana (Padial, Reichle, McDiarmid, & De la Riva, 2006)		Bolivia (La Paz)
Rhinella tenrec (Lynch & Renjifo, 1990)	Antioquia Beaked Toad	Colombia
Rhinella teotoniensis (Ferrão, Souza, Colatreli, Hanken & Lima, 2022)	Teotonio Falls Leaf-litter Toad	Bolivia, Brazil
Rhinella truebae (Lynch & Renjifo, 1990)	Trueb's Beaked Toad	Colombia
Rhinella unapensis Rojas, Peña, Ávila, Carvalho, Perez, Farias, Gordo & Hrbek, 2022)		Peru
Rhinella vellardi (Leviton & Duellman, 1978)	Alto Maranon toad	Peru
Rhinella veraguensis (Schmidt, 1857)	Veragua toad	Bolivia and southeastern Peru
Rhinella veredas (Brandão, Maciel, and Sebben, 2007)		Brazil(Piauí and Bahia)
Rhinella yanachaga Lehr, Pramuk, Hedges, and Córdova, 2007		Peru (Pasco)
Rhinella yunga (Mordavec, Lehr, 2014)		Peru (Yungas)

Notes

↑ Chaparro, Juan Carlos, Jennifer B. Pramuk and Andrew G. Gluesenkamp. 2007. A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica. 63 (2): 203-212.
1 2 Dodd, C. Kenneth (2013). Frogs of the United States and Canada. Vol. 1. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4214-0633-6.
↑ d'Orbigny, Charles (1845). Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle (in French). Vol. 3. Bureau Principal de l'Éditeurs. p. 433.
↑ χαῦνος . Liddell, Henry George ; Scott, Robert ; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
↑ "rhamphoid" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.(Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
↑ "Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 | Amphibian Species of the World". research.amnh.org. Retrieved 2019-10-26.
↑ Ferrão, Miquéias; Lima, Albertina Pimentel; Ron, Santiago; Santos, Sueny Paloma dos; Hanken, James (2020-12-28). "New Species of Leaf-litter Toad of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Amazonia". Copeia. 108 (4): 967–986. doi: 10.1643/CH2020043 . ISSN 0045-8511.
↑ Pérez-Ben, Celeste M.; Gómez, Raúl O.; Báez, Ana M. (2019-04-04). "A new Pliocene true toad (Anura: Bufonidae): first record of an extinct species from South America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39: e1576183. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1576183. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 133110392.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cane toad</span> Worlds largest true toad

The cane toad, also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad native to South and mainland Central America, but which has been introduced to various islands throughout Oceania and the Caribbean, as well as Northern Australia. It is a member of the genus Rhinella, which includes many true toad species found throughout Central and South America, but it was formerly assigned to the genus Bufo.

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Rhinella arborescandens is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Peru and only known from its type locality near Mendoza, northern Cordillera Central, in the Amazonas Region. It is unusual among Rhinella toads because it is arboreal, hence the specific name arborescandens, derived from Latin arbor for tree and scando meaning to climb.

Rhinella crucifer is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It endemic to Brazil and known from the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil between the states of Ceará in the north and Rio de Janeiro in the south. Common name striped toad has been coined for it. "Rhinella pombali" is a hybrid between Rhinella ornata and this species.

Rhinella dorbignyi is a South American species of toad in the family Bufonidae. The specific name, dorbignyi, is in honor of French naturalist Alcide d'Orbigny. Its common name is d'Orbigny's toad or Dorbigny's toad [sic].

Rhinella granulosa, also known as granular toad and common lesser toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. The species was redelimited in 2009 and is now considered endemic to Brazil.

Rhinella icterica is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae that is found in northeastern Argentina, southern Brazil, and eastern Paraguay. "Cururu" is its indigenous name and refers to the male advertisement call that is a melodious tremolo. "Cururu toad", without the specifier "yellow", is a common name used for a few other closely related species.

Rhinella jimi is a species of toads in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to northeastern Brazil and known between Bujaru in northeastern Pará and Maranhão in the north, south to Bahia and Vitória, Espírito Santo. Prior to its description in 2002, it was confused with Rhinella schneideri. The specific name jimi honors Jorge Jim, a Brazilian herpetologist. Common name Jimi's toad has been coined for it.

The South American common toad is a species complex of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the Amazonian South America and eastern Panama. It was originally believed to be a single species, but is now known to represent a complex of more than one.

Rhinella proboscidea is a species of small South American toad in the family Bufonidae, common in the Amazon rainforest. It is the only species known to practice reproductive necrophilia.

Rhinella acrolopha, also known as Cerro Mali beaked toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in the Serranía del Darién in eastern Panama and in the immediately adjacent northwestern Colombia, in the Los Katíos National Park. The specific name acrolopha is derived from the Greek akrolophos, meaning crest of a mountain or ridge, and refers to the isolated occurrence of this species at high elevations in the Serranía del Darién. However, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) characterizes it as a lowland species.

Rhinella achavali is a species of toads in the family Bufonidae that is found in Uruguay and southernmost Brazil.

Incilius is a genus of toads in the true toad family, Bufonidae. They are sometimes known as the Central American toads or Middle American toads and are found in southern USA, Mexico, Central America, and northern Pacific South America. They are an ecologically and biogeographically diverse group of toads, including micro-endemic species such as Incilius spiculatus that are restricted to undisturbed cloud forests, and widespread lowland species such as Incilius valliceps that predominantly occur in disturbed habitats.

María Cristina Ardila-Robayo was a Colombian herpetologist. She was professor at the National University of Colombia, Bogotá, and worked closely with the Natural History Museum of the university. In 2010 she was credited as having described 28 new species of amphibians from Colombia; as of late 2018, the Amphibian Species of the World lists 31 valid species described by her. She also worked with caimans and crocodiles and lead biodiversity restoration projects.

<i>Rhinella loba</i> Extinct species of amphibian

Rhinella loba is an extinct true toad that inhabited the South American Pampas during the late Pliocene. It is closely related to the present day Argentine toad Rhinella arenarum and represents to date the only diagnosable extinct true toad species from South America.

Dendrophryniscus skuki is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to northeastern Brazil and only known from its type locality in the municipality of Itacaré, state of Bahia. This species is dedicated to herpetologist Gabriel "Gabo" Skuk, the species describer's friend who perished in a diving accident.

Rhinella lilyrodriguezae is a species of frog in the family Bufonidae, which is found in Cordillera Azul National Park in Peru.

References

Frost, Darrel (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History297: 1–371.

External links

Data related to Rhinella at Wikispecies

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[1] Chaparro, Juan Carlos, Jennifer B. Pramuk and Andrew G. Gluesenkamp. 2007. A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica. 63 (2): 203-212.

[Dodd-2] 1 2 Dodd, C. Kenneth (2013). Frogs of the United States and Canada. Vol. 1. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4214-0633-6.

[3] 'Orbigny, Charles (1845). Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle (in French). Vol. 3. Bureau Principal de l'Éditeurs. p. 433.

[4] χαῦνος . Liddell, Henry George ; Scott, Robert ; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project

[5] "rhamphoid" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.(Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[6] "Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 | Amphibian Species of the World". research.amnh.org. Retrieved 2019-10-26.

[7] Ferrão, Miquéias; Lima, Albertina Pimentel; Ron, Santiago; Santos, Sueny Paloma dos; Hanken, James (2020-12-28). "New Species of Leaf-litter Toad of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Amazonia". Copeia. 108 (4): 967–986. doi: 10.1643/CH2020043 . ISSN 0045-8511.

[8] Pérez-Ben, Celeste M.; Gómez, Raúl O.; Báez, Ana M. (2019-04-04). "A new Pliocene true toad (Anura: Bufonidae): first record of an extinct species from South America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39: e1576183. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1576183. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 133110392.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

Rhinella

Cane toad (Rhinella marina)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Family:	Bufonidae
Genus:	Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826
Type species
Rhinella proboscidea Spix, 1824
Species
95 species; see table
Synonyms
ChaunusWagler, 1828 RhamphophryneTrueb, 1971