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Indo-Pacific is a hypothetical language macrofamily proposed in 1971 by Joseph Greenberg and now believed to be spurious. It grouped together the Papuan languages of New Guinea and Melanesia with the languages of the Andaman Islands and, tentatively, the languages of Tasmania, both of which are remote from New Guinea. The valid cognates Greenberg found turned out to be reflexes of the less extensive Trans–New Guinea family. Recently the Kusunda language, which is generally seen as a language isolate, is also included in the Indo-Pacific proposal. Greenberg did not include "Australian" in his original 1971 proposal.
Madang is a province of Papua New Guinea. The province is on the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea and has many of the country's highest peaks, active volcanoes and its biggest mix of languages. The capital is the town of Madang.
Adelbert Range is a mountain range in Madang Province, north-central Papua New Guinea. The highest point of the mountains is at 1,716 metres (5,630 ft).
The Brahman languages, Biyom and Tauya, form a subbranch of the Rai Coast branch of the Madang languages of Papua New Guinea. The family is named after the cattle station and town of Brahman, which lies between the territories of the two languages.
Malas River is a river in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. It rises in the Adelbert Range and empties to the Bismarck Sea at 4.6666667°S 145.5833333°E.
The Northern Adelbert or Pihom–Isumrud languages are a family of two dozen languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. The occupy the coastal northern Adelbert Range of mountains, vs. the Southern Adelbert languages, another branch of Madang.
The Kalam languages are a small family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea.
The Madang or Madang–Adelbert Range languages are a language family of Papua New Guinea. They were classified as a branch of Trans–New Guinea by Stephen Wurm, followed by Malcolm Ross. William A. Foley concurs that it is "highly likely" that the Madang languages are part of TNG, although the pronouns, the usual basis for classification in TNG, have been "replaced" in Madang. Timothy Usher finds that Madang is closest to the Upper Yuat River languages and other families to its west, but does not for now address whether this larger group forms part of the TNG family.
The Kowan languages are a small family of languages spoken in the Adelbert Range area of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, and first identified by Malcolm Ross.
Kursav is a divergent and nearly extinct Madang language of the Adelbert Range of Papua New Guinea. It was once placed in the now-defunct Brahman branch of Madang. Daniels (2017) identifies Gants as its closest relative.
Manat, or Paynamar, is a divergent Madang language spoken in the Adelbert Range of Papua New Guinea.
Wadaginam is a divergent Madang language of the Adelbert Range of Papua New Guinea.
Mum, or Katiati, is a Papuan language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.
Apalɨ (Apal), or Emerum, is a Papuan language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Akɨ and Acɨ are two dialects that are quite different from each other.
Gants, or in native orthography Gaj, is a Madang language of Papua New Guinea.
The Sogeram languages are a family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. They are named after the Sogeram River.
John Z'graggen was a Swiss Roman Catholic priest, missionary, linguist, and anthropologist known for his extensive work on Papuan and Oceanic languages, especially the Madang languages. He has also documented languages in Sepik, Manus, and Gulf Provinces.
The Wanang River is a river in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.
The Tomul River is a river in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.
References
- ↑ New Guinea World, Sogeram and Tomul Rivers
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). "South Adelbert". Glottolog 4.3.