Sogeram languages

Last updated
Sogeram
Sogeram River
Wanang
Geographic
distribution
Near the Sogeram River, Papua New Guinea
Linguistic classification Trans–New Guinea
Glottolog soge1235

The Sogeram languages are a family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. They are named after the Sogeram River. [1]

Contents

In earlier classifications, such as that of Wurm, most of the Sogeram family were called "Wanang", after the Wanang River. The exceptions were Faita, placed as a separate branch of the Southern Adelbert languages, and Mum–Sirva (then called the "Sikan" family), which were classified with the other branch, Josephstaal (Tomul River).

Languages

Daniels (2016) classifies the Sogeram languages in three branches, including some recently documented languages. [2]

Sogeram

Daniels (2017), following Pawley, resolves the issue of Gants by classifying it as East Sogeram, closest to Kursav though he refrains from claiming the two languages form a clade. He notes that the name "East Sogeram" is no longer geographically appropriate, as Gants would be the westernmost Sogeram language. [3]

Recently discovered Magɨyi may also be a Sogeram language, with the forms of identified cognates closest to Mum. [4]

Because these languages form a chain, where each influences its neighbors, the branching of the family is not clear. Usher divides the languages in nearly the same way, differing only in the placement of Manat: [1]

Names

Below are Sogeram language names in Daniels (2015) compared to names listed in Z'graggen (1975), along with their respective meanings. [5] :6

Daniels (2015)meaningZ'graggen (1975)meaning
Mand ‘no’ Atemple village name
Nend ‘no’ Angaua demonym
Manat ‘no’ Paynamar village name
Apalɨ ‘no’ Emerum village name
Mum ‘what’ Katiati village name
Sirva language name Sileibi village name?
Magɨ ‘no’
Aisi (Mabɨŋ)‘why (no)’ Musak village name
Kursav language name Faita village name
Gants language name Gants language name

Proto-language

Proto-Sogeram
Reconstruction ofSogeram languages

A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram has been proposed by Daniels (2015). [6]

Phonology

Proto-Sogeram phonemic inventory according to Daniels (2015): [6] :55

*p*t*k*kʷ <kw>
*β <v>*s
*m*n*ɲ <ñ>
*r
*i*u
*a

Pronouns

Daniels (2017) reconstructs the pronouns as follows: [3]

sgpl
1*ya*a-ra
2*na*na-ra
3*nu/*nɨ*nɨ-ra

Compare Ross's proto-Madang singular pronouns *ya, *na, *nu/*ua.

Lexicon

Selected lexical reconstructions from Daniels (2015) are listed below. [6] :360–392

Plant names
Proto-SogeramGlossScientific name
*akwasa betelnut Areca catechu
*kari betelnut Areca catechu
*kasam breadfruit Artocarpus altilis
*kuimaŋ coconut Cocos nucifera
*mirkwa cordyline Cordyline fruticosa
*kunsa yam Dioscorea sp.
*mɨnta sword grass Imperata cylindrica
*mimpɨŋ ironwood tree Intsia bijuga
*makin sago Metroxylon sp.
*manɨŋ banana Musa sp.
*kamura betel pepper Piper betle
*akɨru sugar Saccharum officinarum
*sakai bamboo
*umaibean
*kɨñakw paint tree
*sukanreed sp.
Animal names
Proto-SogeramGlossScientific name
*kɨñakuŋ wattled brush-turkey Aepypodius arfakianus
*siar starling Aplonis sp.
*kaiaŋki sulphur-crested cockatoo Cacatua galerita
*muiam cassowary Casuarius unappendiculatus
*ikakara chicken Gallus gallus
*kumpin Victoria crowned pigeon Goura victoria
*kwɨñaŋ palm cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus
*kukɨ sago grub Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
*aŋam collared brush-turkey Talegalla jobiensis
*kuyiv bird-of-paradise Paradisaeidae
*kariv flying fox Pteropus
*iŋkɨnground possum Phalangeridae
*muŋmibee
*kapabird
*apaparabutterfly
*kuntar centipede
*mavracrocodile
*upridog
*kɨmparameel
*iaufish
*kukasafrog
*naŋramfrog
*imanlouse
*kamɨŋaua millipede
*ñaŋkurmosquito
*iranparrot species
*urirparrot species
*sampaNpig
*sarsnake
*takwɨsnake

Comparisons

The following is a comparative table of reconstructed forms in Proto-Sogeram and Proto-Northern Adelbert. [7] :472

glossProto-Sogeram Proto-Northern Adelbert
breast*aman ‘breast’*men ‘breast’
cook in pot*imu ‘put in pot’*im- ‘boil, cook in pot’
see*iŋka ‘see, perceive’*ag- ‘see’
turn*ir, irɨ- ‘turn, spin’*girik- ‘turn’
fight*kira ‘fight’*war- ‘hit, fight’
bow*kɨmi ‘bow’*kemi ‘bow’
die*kɨmu ‘die’*um- ‘die’
walk, go*kɨnta ‘walk’*iduw- ‘go’
root*kɨntɨr ‘root’*durun ‘root’
roast*kra ‘roast’*id- ‘roast’
arm, hand*kuman ‘arm, hand’*waben ‘arm, hand’
centipede*kuntar ‘centipede’*wisir ‘centipede’
egg*maŋka ‘egg’*munag ‘egg’
husband*-mum ‘husband’*muŋ ‘husband, man’
eat*ña ‘eat’*an- ‘eat’
heavy, weight*pɨm ‘weight’*bin ‘heavy’
snake*takwɨ ‘snake’*duag ‘snake’
heart, liver*umpaŋ ‘heart’*gemaŋ ‘liver’
call*ura ‘call out’*par- ‘call’

Related Research Articles

The Markham languages form a family of the Huon Gulf languages. It consists of a dozen languages spoken in the Ramu Valley, Markham Valley and associated valley systems in the lowlands of the Madang and Morobe Provinces of Papua New Guinea. Unlike almost other Western Oceanic languages of New Guinea, which are spoken exclusively in coastal areas, many Markham languages are spoken in the mountainous interior of Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea, where they are in heavy contact with Trans-New Guinea languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamula–Elevala languages</span> Family of Trans–New Guinea languages

The Kamula–Elevala languages are a small family of the Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the region of the Elevala River.

The Numugen (Numagen) languages are a small family of closely related languages in the Madang branch of the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG) phylum of New Guinea, spoken in the region of the Numagen River.

The Northern Adelbert or Pihom–Isumrud languages are a family of twenty languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. The occupy the coastal northern Adelbert Range of mountains directly opposite Karkar Island, as opposed to the Southern Adelbert languages, another branch of Madang.

The Rai Coast languages are a family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madang languages</span> Papua New Guinean language family

The Madang or Madang–Adelbert Range languages are a language family of Papua New Guinea. They were classified as a branch of Trans–New Guinea by Stephen Wurm, followed by Malcolm Ross. William A. Foley concurs that it is "highly likely" that the Madang languages are part of TNG, although the pronouns, the usual basis for classification in TNG, have been "replaced" in Madang. Timothy Usher finds that Madang is closest to the Upper Yuat River languages and other families to its west, but does not for now address whether this larger group forms part of the TNG family.

The Ramu languages are a family of some thirty languages of Northern Papua New Guinea. They were identified as a family by John Z'graggen in 1971 and linked with the Sepik languages by Donald Laycock two years later. Malcolm Ross (2005) classifies them as one branch of a Ramu – Lower Sepik language family. Z'graggen had included the Yuat languages, but that now seems doubtful.

The Ottilien or Watam-Awar-Gamay languages are a small family of clearly related languages,

Kursav is a divergent and nearly extinct Madang language of the Adelbert Range of Papua New Guinea. It was once placed in the now-defunct Brahman branch of Madang. Daniels (2017) identifies Gants as its closest relative.

Manat, or Paynamar, is a divergent Madang language spoken in the Adelbert Range of Papua New Guinea.

Gavak, also known as Bosiken (Boskien) and Dimir, is a Papuan language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. It is spoken in the Dimir River area.

Mum, or Katiati, is a Papuan language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.

Apalɨ (Apal), or Emerum, is a Papuan language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Akɨ and Acɨ are two dialects that are quite different from each other.

Barem (Brem), also known as Bunabun, is a Papuan language of Sumgilbar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.

Gants, or in native orthography Gaj, is a Madang language of Papua New Guinea.

Sirva, or Sileibi, is a Papuan language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.

The South Adelbert or Southern Adelbert Range languages are a family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea, spoken along the tributaries of the Ramu River in the watershed of the Adelbert Range.

Proto-Trans–New Guinea is the reconstructed proto-language ancestral to the Trans–New Guinea languages. Reconstructions have been proposed by Malcolm Ross and Andrew Pawley.

The Wanang River is a river in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.

References

  1. 1 2 Usher, Timothy. 2020. Sogeram River. New Guinea World.
  2. Daniels, Don. 2016. Magɨ: An undocumented language of Papua New Guinea. Oceanic Linguistics 55: 199-224.
  3. 1 2 Daniels, Don. 2017. Gants is a Sogeram Language. Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 35: 82-93.
  4. ISO code request 2013-029
  5. Z'graggen, John A. 1975. The Languages of the Madang District, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
  6. 1 2 3 Daniels, Don. 2015. A Reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram Phonology, Lexicon, and Morphosyntax. Doctoral dissertation. University of California, Santa Barbara.
  7. Pick, Andrew (2020). A reconstruction of Proto-Northern Adelbert phonology and lexicon (PDF) (PhD dissertation). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.

Further reading

Online word lists