Staphylococcus argenteus

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Staphylococcus argenteus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Staphylococcaceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species:
S. argenteus
Binomial name
Staphylococcus argenteus
Tong et al. 2015 [1]

Staphylococcus argenteus [1] are gram-positive cocci from the genus Staphylococcus which have been isolated from blood culture of a 55-year-old Indigenous Australian female in 2006 in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. [2] [3] [1] The species is close related to S. aureus and the differentiation is challenging. [4] Staphylococcus argenteus is cytotoxic to human cells due to high expression of alpha-hemolysin. [5]

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Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacterium responsible for difficult-to-treat infections in humans

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Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a coagulase-negative member of the genus Staphylococcus, consisting of Gram-positive bacteria with spherical cells that appear in clusters.

<i>Staphylococcus haemolyticus</i> Species of bacterium

Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a member of the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). It is part of the skin flora of humans, and its largest populations are usually found at the axillae, perineum, and inguinal areas. S. haemolyticus also colonizes primates and domestic animals. It is a well-known opportunistic pathogen, and is the second-most frequently isolated CoNS. Infections can be localized or systemic, and are often associated with the insertion of medical devices. The highly antibiotic-resistant phenotype and ability to form biofilms make S. haemolyticus a difficult pathogen to treat. Its most closely related species is Staphylococcus borealis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hemolysin</span> Molecule destroying the membrane of red blood cells

Hemolysins or haemolysins are lipids and proteins that cause lysis of red blood cells by disrupting the cell membrane. Although the lytic activity of some microbe-derived hemolysins on red blood cells may be of great importance for nutrient acquisition, many hemolysins produced by pathogens do not cause significant destruction of red blood cells during infection. However, hemolysins are often capable of lysing red blood cells in vitro.

RNAIII is a stable 514 nt regulatory RNA transcribed by the P3 promoter of the Staphylococcus aureus quorum-sensing agr system ). It is the major effector of the agr regulon, which controls the expression of many S. aureus genes encoding exoproteins and cell wall associated proteins plus others encoding regulatory proteins The RNAIII transcript also encodes the 26 amino acid δ-haemolysin peptide (Hld). RNAIII contains many stem loops, most of which match the Shine-Dalgarno sequence involved in translation initiation of the regulated genes. Some of these interactions are inhibitory, others stimulatory; among the former is the regulatory protein Rot. In vitro, RNAIII is expressed post exponentially, inhibiting translation of the surface proteins, notably protein A, while stimulating that of the exoproteins, many of which are tissue-degrading enzymes or cytolysins. Among the latter is the important virulence factor, α-hemolysin (Hla), whose translation RNAIII activates by preventing the formation of an inhibitory foldback loop in the hla mRNA leader.

Lysostaphin is a Staphylococcus simulans metalloendopeptidase. It can function as a bacteriocin (antimicrobial) against Staphylococcus aureus.

<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> alpha toxin

Alpha-toxin, also known as alpha-hemolysin (Hla), is the major cytotoxic agent released by bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the first identified member of the pore forming beta-barrel toxin family. This toxin consists mostly of beta-sheets (68%) with only about 10% alpha-helices. The hly gene on the S. aureus chromosome encodes the 293 residue protein monomer, which forms heptameric units on the cellular membrane to form a complete beta-barrel pore. This structure allows the toxin to perform its major function, development of pores in the cellular membrane, eventually causing cell death.

Fibronectin binding protein A (FnBPA) is a Staphylococcus aureus MSCRAMM cell surface-bound protein that binds to both fibronectin and fibrinogen.

'Staphylococcus aureus delta toxin is a toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus. It has a wide spectrum of cytolytic activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CAMP test</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glutamyl endopeptidase GluV8</span>

Glutamyl endopeptidase is an extracellular bacterial serine protease of the glutamyl endopeptidase I family that was initially isolated from the Staphylococcus aureus strain V8. The protease is, hence, commonly referred to as "V8 protease", or alternatively SspA from its corresponding gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aureolysin</span>

Aureolysin is an extracellular metalloprotease expressed by Staphylococcus aureus. This protease is a major contributor to the bacterium's virulence, or ability to cause disease, by cleaving host factors of the innate immune system as well as regulating S. aureus secreted toxins and cell wall proteins. To catalyze its enzymatic activities, aureolysin requires zinc and calcium which it obtains from the extracellular environment within the host.

Staphylococcus schleiferi is a Gram-positive, cocci-shaped bacterium of the family Staphylococcaceae. It is facultatively anaerobic, coagulase-variable, and can be readily cultured on blood agar where the bacterium tends to form opaque, non-pigmented colonies and beta (β) hemolysis. There exists two subspecies under the species S. schleiferi: Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. schleiferi and Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a gram positive coccus bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus found worldwide. It is primarily a pathogen for domestic animals, but has been known to affect humans as well. S. pseudintermedius is an opportunistic pathogen that secretes immune modulating virulence factors, has many adhesion factors, and the potential to create biofilms, all of which help to determine the pathogenicity of the bacterium. Diagnoses of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius have traditionally been made using cytology, plating, and biochemical tests. More recently, molecular technologies like MALDI-TOF, DNA hybridization and PCR have become preferred over biochemical tests for their more rapid and accurate identifications. This includes the identification and diagnosis of antibiotic resistant strains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teg49 small RNA</span> Non-coding RNA

Teg49 is a non-coding RNA present in the extended promoter region of the staphylococcal accessory regulator sarA. It was identified by RNA-seq and confirmed by Northern blot. It is modulated by sigB and cshA and it most likely contributes to virulence of S. aureus by modulating SarA expression.

Staphopain A (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>)

Staphopain A is a secreted cysteine protease produced by Staphylococcus aureus. It was first identified in the S. aureus V8 strain as a papain-like cysteine protease. The protease distinguishes itself from the other major proteases of S. aureus in its very broad specificity and its ability to degrade elastin.

Accessory gene regulator (agr) is a complex 5 gene locus that is a global regulator of virulence in Staphylococcus aureus. It encodes a two-component transcriptional quorum-sensing (QS) system activated by an autoinducing, thiolactone-containing cyclic peptide (AIP).

Staphylococcus singaporensis is a member of the Staphylococcus aureus complex that shares the complex with Staphylococcus argenteus and Staphylococcus schweitzeri. The species was discovered in 2021 and published in the journal, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology on 26 October. Staphylococcus singaporensis was named after Singapore.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Tong, S. Y. C.; Schaumburg, F.; Ellington, M. J.; Corander, J.; Pichon, B.; Leendertz, F.; Bentley, S. D.; Parkhill, J.; Holt, D. C. (2015-01-01). "Novel staphylococcal species that form part of a Staphylococcus aureus-related complex: the non-pigmented Staphylococcus argenteus sp. nov. and the non-human primate-associated Staphylococcus schweitzeri sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 65 (Pt 1): 15–22. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.062752-0. ISSN   1466-5026. PMC   4298100 . PMID   25269845.
  2. Jiang, Bei; You, Bo; Tan, Li; Yu, Shengpeng; Li, Han; Bai, Guoqing; Li, Shu; Rao, Xiancai; Xie, Zhao (2018-06-27). "Clinical Staphylococcus argenteus Develops to Small Colony Variants to Promote Persistent Infection". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 1347. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01347 . PMC   6036243 . PMID   30013523.
  3. Al, J. Rigaill et (2018). "Community-Acquired Staphylococcus argenteus Sequence Type 2250 Bone and Joint Infection, France, 2017". Emerging Infectious Diseases. U.S.: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Department of Health and Human Services. 24 (10): 1958–1961. doi:10.3201/eid2410.180727. PMC   6154148 . PMID   30226182.
  4. Kaden, René; Engstrand, Lars; Rautelin, Hilpi; Johansson, Cecilia (2018-11-21). "Which methods are appropriate for the detection of Staphylococcus argenteus and is it worthwhile to distinguish S. argenteus from S. aureus?". Infection and Drug Resistance. 11: 2335–2344. doi: 10.2147/idr.s179390 . PMC   6254542 . PMID   30538503.
  5. Johansson, Cecilia; Rautelin, Hilpi; Kaden, René (January 2019). "Staphylococcus argenteus and Staphylococcus schweitzeri are cytotoxic to human cells in vitro due to high expression of alpha-hemolysin Hla". Virulence. 10 (1): 502–510. doi:10.1080/21505594.2019.1620062. ISSN   2150-5594. PMC   6550535 . PMID   31131704.