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The halophiles, named after the Greek word for "salt-loving", are extremophiles that thrive in high salt concentrations. While most halophiles are classified into the domain Archaea, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryotic species, such as the alga Dunaliella salina and fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga. Some well-known species give off a red color from carotenoid compounds, notably bacteriorhodopsin. Halophiles can be found in water bodies with salt concentration more than five times greater than that of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owens Lake in California, the Urmia Lake in Iran, the Dead Sea, and in evaporation ponds. They are theorized to be a possible candidate for extremophiles living in the salty subsurface water ocean of Jupiter's Europa and other similar moons.
Acetobacter is a genus of acetic acid bacteria. Acetic acid bacteria are characterized by the ability to convert ethanol to acetic acid in the presence of oxygen. Of these, the genus Acetobacter is distinguished by the ability to oxidize lactate and acetate into carbon dioxide and water. Bacteria of the genus Acetobacter have been isolated from industrial vinegar fermentation processes and are frequently used as fermentation starter cultures.
In chemistry, hydroxylation can refer to:
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that functions as monooxygenases. In mammals, these proteins oxidize steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics, and are important for the clearance of various compounds, as well as for hormone synthesis and breakdown. In 1963, Estabrook, Cooper, and Rosenthal described the role of CYP as a catalyst in steroid hormone synthesis and drug metabolism. In plants, these proteins are important for the biosynthesis of defensive compounds, fatty acids, and hormones.
Streptomyces is the largest genus of Actinobacteria and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. Over 500 species of Streptomyces bacteria have been described. As with the other Actinobacteria, streptomycetes are gram-positive, and have genomes with high GC content. Found predominantly in soil and decaying vegetation, most streptomycetes produce spores, and are noted for their distinct "earthy" odor that results from production of a volatile metabolite, geosmin.
Corynebacterium is a genus of bacteria that are Gram-positive and most are aerobic. They are bacilli (rod-shaped), and in some phases of life they are, more specifically, club-shaped, which inspired the genus name.
Ferroplasma is a genus of Archaea that belong to the family Ferroplasmaceae. Members of the Ferroplasma are typically acidophillic, pleomorphic, irregularly shaped cocci.
Stenotrophomonas is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, comprising at least ten species. The main reservoirs of Stenotrophomonas are soil and plants. Stenotrophomonas species range from common soil organisms to opportunistic human pathogens, the molecular taxonomy of the genus is still somewhat unclear.
D-amino-acid dehydrogenase is a bacterial enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of D-amino acids into their corresponding oxoacids. It contains both flavin and nonheme iron as cofactors. The enzyme has a very broad specificity and can act on most D-amino acids.
Long-chain alcohol oxidase is one of two enzyme classes that oxidize long-chain or fatty alcohols to aldehydes. It has been found in certain Candida yeast, where it participates in omega oxidation of fatty acids to produce acyl-CoA for energy or industrial use, as well as in other fungi, plants, and bacteria.
Butyryl-coenzyme A is the coenzyme A-activated form of butyric acid.
CYP2U1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP2U1 gene
Bifidobacterium longum is a Gram-positive, catalase-negative, rod-shaped bacterium present in the human gastrointestinal tract and one of the 32 species that belong to the genus Bifidobacterium. It is a microaerotolerant anaerobe and considered to be one of the earliest colonizers of the gastrointestinal tract of infants. When grown on general anaerobic medium, B. longum forms white, glossy colonies with a convex shape. While B. longum is not significantly present in the adult gastrointestinal tract, it is considered part of the gut microbiota and its production of lactic acid is believed to prevent growth of pathogenic organisms. B. longum is non-pathogenic and is often added to food products.
Glutamicibacter soli, also known as Arthrobacter soli, is a species of Gram-positive bacteria. Its type strain is SYB2T.
Syntrophomonas sapovorans is a bacterium. It is anaerobic, syntrophic, and fatty acid-oxidizing and obligately proton-reducing. Its type strain is OM. It has a doubling time of 40 hours. It is part of the family Syntrophomonadaceae based on comparative small-subunit (SSU) rRNA sequence analysis. This family currently contains three genera, Syntrophomonas, Syntrophospora, and Thermosyntropha, as well as two closely related isolates, strains FSM2 and FSS7.
Pseudoxanthomonas broegbernensis is a yellow-pigmented bacteria the type species of its genus. Its type strain is B1616/1T.
Luteimonas mephitis is a yellow-pigmented bacterium and the type species of its genus. Its type strain is B1953/27.1T.
Pseudoxanthomonas is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the family Xanthomonadaceae from the phylum Proteobacteria. This genus is closely related phylogenetically with the genera Xanthomonas, Xylella, and Stenotrophomonas. The genus was first distinguished in 2000 in biofilter samples, and was later emended by Lee et al. Some of the species in this genus are: P. mexicana, P. japonensis, P. koreensis, P. daejeonensis, and the type species P. broegbernensis.
Basfia succiniciproducens is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, and immobile bacterium from the Pasteurellaceae family. It was first isolated from bovine rumen in 2008. Its ability to produce relatively large quantities of succinic acid through fermentation in biomass hydrolysates is potentially important for industrial biotechnology.
Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria are a heterogeneous group of prokaryotes which can degrade and utilize hydrocarbon compounds as source of carbon and energy. Despite being present in most of environments around the world, several of these specialized bacteria live in the sea and have been isolated from polluted seawater.
References
- ↑ Finkmann, W.; Altendorf, K.; Stackebrandt, E.; Lipski, A. (2000). "Characterization of N(2)O-producing Xanthomonas-like isolates from biofilters as Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens sp. nov., Luteimonas mephitis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Pseudoxanthomonas broegbernensis gen. nov., sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50 (1): 273–282. doi: 10.1099/00207713-50-1-273 . ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 10826814.
- ↑ Yu, IS.; Yeom, Si.; Kim, HJ.; Lee, JK.; Kim, YH.; Oh, DK. (2008). "Substrate specificity of Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens in the hydroxylation of unsaturated fatty acid". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 78 (1): 157–163. doi:10.1007/s00253-007-1280-6. PMID 18060400. S2CID 23352609.
- ↑ Kang, WR.; Seo, MJ.; Shin, KC.; Park, JKB.; Oh, DK. (2017). "Gene Cloning of an Efficiency Oleate Hydratase From Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens for Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and its Application in the Conversion of Plant Oils to 10-Hydroxy Fatty Acids". Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 114 (1): 74–82. doi:10.1002/bit.26058. PMID 27474883. S2CID 9684769.
